Comparative study on nutrient availability and growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seedlings in soils amended with palm oil mill effluent and rubber processing effluents

Figures & data

Table 1. Physicochemical properties of the palm oil mill effluent (POME) and rubber processing effluent (RPE)

Parameter	Nifor POME mean ± SD	Okomu RPE mean ± SD
Temperature (°C)	86.00 ± 0.02	35.00 ± 0.03
pH	4.50 ± 0.02	6.65 ± 0.07
Organic Carbon%	2.50 ± 0.02	0.31 ± 0.01
COD	59,814.81 ± 0.02	1801.74 ± 0.02
Total Solids	48,000.00 ± 0.02	1450.00 ± 0.28
Volatile Solids	42,000.00 ± 0.75	143.00 ± 0.02
Suspended Solid	18,178.18 ± 0.76	568.00 ± 0.20
Oil and Grease	4200.00 ± 0.65	8.90 ± 0.10
Calcium	280.43 ± 0.02	8860.20 ± 0.20
Magnesium	674.87 ± 0.03	1.94 ± 0.02
Phosphate	31.06 ± 0.03	0.85 ± 0.02
Potassium	1800.41 ± 0.02	112.25 ± 0.02
Sodium	120.65 ± 0.03	1.54 ± 0.01
Nitrate	20.00 ± 0.14	0.05 ± 0.03
Sulphate	180.85 ± 0.02	8.32 ± 0.03
Copper	25.36 ± 0.02	20.12 ± 0.02
Manganese	28.36 ± 0.03	37.48 ± 28.87

All units are in mg/l except otherwise stated.

Table 2. Soil physicochemical properties before and after transplanting

Sample		pH	T. Org. C g/Kg	Org. Mat. g/Kg	Ca cmol/kg	Mg cmol/kg	Av. P mg/g	K cmol/kg	Na cMol/kg
BEFORE TRANSPLANTING
0 ml	Control	5.14 ± 0.01^a	6.41 ± 0.01^a	11.07 ± 0.01^a	0.42 ± 0.01^a	0.35 ± 0.02^d	3.19 ± 0.02 ^a	0.15 ± 0.02^a	0.11^a ± 0.00^a
200 ml	POME	5.24^ab ± 0.01	20.33^c ± 0.02	35.06^c ±0.02	0.66^ef ±0.01	0.17^ab ± 0.02	7.03^e ±0.02	0.24^b ± 0.03	0.13^ab ± 0.02
	RPE	5.91^a ± 0.15	6.42^b ± 0.10	23.79^b ±0.02	0.68^f ± 0.01	0.50e ± 0.01	6.27^c ± 0.01	0.34^d ± 0.02	0.16^bc ± 0.02
400 ml	POME	5.24^ab ± 0.02	30.33^f ± 0.06	52.56^f ± 0.02	0.58^c ± 0.01	0.18^b ± 0.00	7.03^e ±0.02	0.24^b ± 0.01	0.13^ab ± 0.02
	RPE	5.47^c ± 0.02	22.13^d ± 0.02	38.26^d ±0.02	0.64^de ± 0.01	0.22^c ± 0.01	4.01^b ±0.02	0.31^cd ± 0.01	0.19^c ± 0.02
600 ml	POME	5.13^a ± 0.02	39.33^g ± 0.03	68.00 ^g ± 0.02	0.46^b ± 0.01	0.15^a ± 0.01	7.12^e ±0.02	0.23^b ±0.02	0.11^a ± 0.00
	RPE	5.29^b ± 0.02	25.17^e ± 0.03	43.52^e ± 0.02	0.63^d ± 0.03	0.23^c ± 0.15	6.83^d ±0.10	0.30^c ± 0.02	0.17^c ± 0.02
AFTER TRANSPLANTING
0 ml		5.57^bc ± 0.02	5.66^a ± 0.02	9.78^a ± 0.02	0.83^e ± 0.02	0.35^d ± 0.02	1.65^a ± 0.11	0.17^a ± 0.02	0.12^a ± 0.01
200 ml	POME	5.80^d ± 0.10	13.81^d ± 0.01	23.75^c ± 0.02	0.58^b ± 0.02	0.18^a ± 0.02	5.66^c ± 0.10	0.24^b ± 0.02	0.17^b ± 0.01
	RPE	5.57^ab ± 0.02	12.14^b ± 0.04	20.96^b ± 0.02	0.64 ^c ± 0.02	0.22^b ±0.02	4.01^b ±0.01	0.31^c ± 0.01	0.19^b ±0.02
400 ml	POME	5.30^a ± 0.20	19.34^e ± 0.49	34.53^e ± 0.02	0.51^a ± 0.02	0.21^ab ± 0.01	6.11^d ±0.02	0.74^d ± 0.02	0.11^a ± 0.00
	RPE	5.73^cd ± 0.16	13.43^c ± 0.02	23.74^c ± 0.04	0.69^d ± 0.01	0.26^c ± 0.03	6.27^e ±0.02	0.34^c ± 0.02	0.17^b ± 0.02
600 ml	POME	5.31^a ± 0.01	19.96^f ± 0.04	34.53^e ± 0.10	0.51^a ± 0.01	0.21^ab ± 0.01	6.11^d ±0.03	0.74^d ± 0.02	0.11^a ± 0.00
	RPE	5.92^d ± 0.07	13.96^d ±0.02	24.07^d ± 0.03	0.64^c ± 0.02	0.32^d ± 0.02	7.02^e ± 0.02	0.34^c ± 0.02	0.17^b ± 0.01
Sample Code		EA cmol/kg	CEC cmol/kg	% BASE SAT	SAND %	CLAY%	SILT %	N g/Kg
BEFORE TRANSPLANTING
0 ml	Control	1.86^e ± 0.02	2.88^d ± 0.10	31.94^b ± 0.02	87.15^c ± 0.03	6.32^d ± 0.10	6.5^4b ± 0.20	0.33^a ± 0.02
200 ml	POME	1.16^b ± 0.00	2.36^b ± 0.03	45.34^e ± 0.02	87.73^d ± 0.10	6.07^c ± 0.02	5.2^4a ± 0.10	0.96^d ± 0.02
	RPE	0.66^a ± 0.02	2.34^b ± 0.10	64.96^f ± 0.03	84.87^a ± 0.15	7.03^e ± 0.02	9.03^e ± 0.02	0.77^b ± 0.02
400 ml	POME	1.16^b ± 0.02	2.30^b ± 0.02	43.48^d ± 0.20	86.18^b ± 0.02	5.51^b ± 0.10	8.31^c ± 0.01	0.97^d ± 0.00
	RPE	1.69^d ± 0.10	3.05^e ± 0.02	28.89^a ± 0.10	84.88^a ± 0.01	6.06^c ± 0.02	9.03^e ± 0.02	0.87^c ± 0.02
600 ml	POME	1.18^b ± 0.02	2.13^a ± 0.02	39.44^c ± 0.20	85.08^a ± 0.13	6.13^c ± 0.02	8.53^d ± 0.10	1.26^e ± 0.02
	RPE	1.33^c ± 0.10	2.66^c ± 0.03	43.61^d ± 0.10	86.08^b ±0.78	5.17^a ± 0.02	8.30^c ± 0.20	0.97^d ± 0.01
AFTER TRANSPLANTING
0 ml		1.90^f ± 0.00	3.36^e ± 0.02	39.88^b ± 0.20	87.33^d ± 0.10	7.03^c ± 0.03	5.23^b±0.02	0.47^a ±0.02
200 ml	POME	1.16^d ± 0.20	2.33^b ± 0.02	42.89^c ± 0.15	76.00^a ± 0.00	5.33^a ± 0.03	8.67^d ± 0.12	0.74^bc ±0.10
	RPE	1.69^e ± 0.01	3.05^d ± 0.02	38.36^a ± 0.20	88.33^f ± 0.02	7.33^d ± 0.02	4.33^a ± 0.12	1.27^e ± 0.02
400 ml	POME	0.99^c ± 0.00	2.55^c ± 0.20	57.23^a ± 0.20	83.20^b ± 0.02	8.10^e ± 0.21	3.70^d ± 0.20	0.98^d ± 0.01
	RPE	0.65^a ± 0.20	2.11^a ± 0.02	61.14^f ± 0.40	88.19^e ± 0.01	7.41^d ± 0.11	4.41^a ± 0.20	0.71^b ± 0.01
600 ml	POME	0.97^c ± 0.20	2.55^c ± 0.10	57.25^d ± 0.30	83.20^b ± 0.08	8.10^e ± 0.02	8.63^d ± 0.20	0.98^d ± 0.01
	RPE	0.72^b ± 0.20	2.20^ab ± 0.02	58.64e ± 0.10	86.13^c ± 0.12	5.53^b ± 0.21	8.83^c ± 0.11	0.79^c ± 0.01

Means with different alphabet remarks in the same column are significantly different at 5% probability level (P < 0.05).

a  corresponds to the lowest  value through b, c. d, e, f, to g which corresponds to the highest level

Table 3. Effect of treatment on nutrient uptake by tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) seedlings

Treatment (ml/3 kg of soil)		N (mg/kg) mean ± SD	P (mg/kg) mean ± SD	K (mg/kg) mean ± SD	Ca (mg/kg) mean ± SD	Mg (mg/kg) mean ± SD	Na (mg/kg) mean ± SD
0 ml	Control	1.50^c ± 0.02	103.30^b ± 0.02	8294.67^c ± 0.56	300.30^a ± 0.03	80.07^a ±0.06	400.30^b ± 0.02
200 ml	POME	2.22 ^e ± 0.02	27.60^a ± 0.02	14,032.87^e ± 56.58	400.40^d ± 0.02	95.00^b ± 0.02	415.20^d ± 0.02
	RPE	2.08^d ± .0.02	115.50^d ± 0.02	11,943.00^d ± 0.02	400.30^d ± 0.02	145.20^c ± 0.02	405.18^c ± 0.06
400 ml	POME	1.46^b ± 0.03	104.21^c ± 0.04	7668.00^b ± 0.02	360.00^c ± 0.03	169.97^d ± 0.60	500.30^f ± 0.03
	RPE	1.53^c ± 0.03	127.60^f ± 0.02	1193.00^a ± 0.02	323.50^b ± 0.03	170.47^d ± 0.25	450.20^e ± 0.02
600 ml	POME	1.18^a ± 0.02	125.37^e ± 0.04	14,003.33^e ± 5.76	360.29^c ± 0.02	170.50^d ± 0.02	205.51^a ± 0.03
	RPE	2.41^f ± 0.01	140.19^g ± 0.02	11,943.06^d ± 0.12	360.31^c ± 0.03	145.40^c ± .003	405.30^c ± 0.02

Means with different alphabet remarks in the same column are significantly different at 5% probability level (P < 0.05).

Table 4. Effect of treatment on plant height

Samples		WK1 (cm) mean ± SD	WK2 (cm) mean ± SD	WK3 (cm) mean ± SD	WK4 (cm) mean ± SD
0 ml	Initial soil	36.67^a ± 0.02	38.72^a ± 0.02	40.38^a ± 0.03	40.65^a ± 0.48
200 ml	POME	44.27^b ± 0.03	47.23^b ± 0.03	47.87^b ± 0.55	49.83^b ± 0.02
	RPE	45.56^c ± 0.04	48.59^b ± 0.02	49.57^c ± 0.03	50.06^b ± 0.03
400 ml	POME	46.38^c ± 0.03	53.07^c ± 0.04	55.95^e ± 0.02	57.41^c ± 0.02
	RPE	46.25^c ± 0.02	48.70^b ± 0.02	52.85^d ± 0.02	56.95^c ± 0.02
600 ml	POME	55.81^e ± 0.02	57.06^d ± 1.70	57.26^f ± 0.80	59.36^d ± 1.03
	RPE	53.15^d ± 0.02	54.04^c ± 6.35	56.09^ef ± 0.01	57.84^c ± 0.01

Means with different alphabet remarks in the same column are significantly different at 5% probability level (P < 0.05).

Table 5. Effect of treatment on stem girth

Samples		WK1 (cm) mean ± SD	WK2 (cm) mean ± SD	WK3 (cm) mean ± SD	WK4 (cm) mean ± SD
0 ml	Initial soil	2.47^a ± 0.02	2.54^a ± 0.02	2.61^a ± 0.02	2.55^a ± 0.02
200 ml	POME	2.47^a ± 0.02	2.65^a ± 0.02	2.73 ± ^a 0.03	2.7^ab ± 0.02
	RPE	2.47^a ± 0.02	2.65^a ± 0.02	2.68^a ± 0.02	2.83^b ± 0.03
400 ml	POME	2.32^a ± 0.02	2.6^a ± 0.02	2.67^a ± 0.02	2.72^b ± 0.02
	RPE	2.67^b ± 0.03	2.67^a ± 0.02	2.7^a ± 0.04	2.70^b ± 0.41
600 ml	POME	2.46^a ± 0.02	2.61^a ± 0.14	2.63^a ± 0.16	2.69^ab ± 0.41
	RPE	2.35^a ± 0.02	2.44^a ± 0.01	2.49^a ± 0.03	2.59^a ± 0.02

Means with different alphabet remarks in the same column are significantly different at 5% probability level (P < 0.05).

Table 6. Effect of treatment on plant leaf length

Samples		WK1 (cm) mean ± SD	WK2 (cm) mean ± SD	WK3 (cm) mean ± SD	WK4 (cm) mean ± SD
0 ml	Initial soil	5.86^a ± 0.02	5.97^a ± 0.02	6.20^a ± 0.03	6.43^a ± 0.03
200 ml	POME	6.68^c ± 0.02	6.74 ± ^b0.04	6.94^b ± 0.03	7.00 ^b ± 0.03
	RPE	6.44^b ± 0.02	6.87^bc ± 0.02	7.13^ab ± 0.02	7.28^c ± 0.03
400 ml	POME	5.67^a ± 0.02	6.94^de ± 0.02	7.37^c ± 0.02	7.44^c ± 0.02
	RPE	6.73^c ± 0.03	6.91^cde ± 0.09	7.20 ^c ± 0.02	7.44^c ± 0.02
600 ml	POME	6.78^c ± 0.01	7.06^e ± 0.08	7.23^c ± 0.04	7.33^ac ± 0.06
	RPE	6.84^c ± 0.02	6.77^bc ± 0.15	7.20^c ± 0.03	7.46^c ± 0.03

Means with different alphabet remarks in the same column are significantly different at 5% probability level (P < 0.05).

Table 7. Effect of treatment on the number of leaves

Samples		WK1 (cm) mean ± SD	WK2 (cm) mean ± SD	WK3 (cm) mean ± SD	WK4 (cm) mean ± SD
0 ml	Initial soil	7.66^a ± 0.02	14.40^a ± 0.01	21.68^a ± 0.02	25.33^a ± 0.02
200 ml	POME	15.33 ^g ± 0.03	18.35 ^c ± 0.03	26.44^b ± 0.02	36.25^b ± 0.04
	RPE	15.17 ^f ± 0.02	19.34^d ± 0.03	31.67^c ± 0.03	38.33^c ± 0.03
400 ml	POME	14.33^d ± 0.03	20.23^e ± 0.03	40.35^e ± 0.03	51.99^e ± 0.05
	RPE	13.32^b ± 0.03	25.46 ^f ± 0.02	38.44^d ± 0.02	50.65^d ± 0.02
600 ml	POME	14.65^e ± 0.02	16.38^b ± 0.02	40.67^f ± 0.03	63.75^f ± 0.02
	RPE	13.44 ^c ± 0002	19.35^d ± 0.02	43.70^g ± 0.02	65.77^g ± 0.02

Means with different alphabet remarks in the same column are significantly different at 5% probability level (P < 0.05).

Table 8. Effect of treatment on total biomass yield

	0 ml (g) mean ± SD	200 ml (g) mean ± SD	400 ml (g) mean ± SD	600 ml mean ± SD
Before drying (g)
POME	15.44 ± 0.01	14.76 ± 0.01	20.26 ± 0.01	41.16 ± 0.01
RPE	15.44 ± 0.01	36.98 ± 0.01	34.66 ± 0.01	43.76 ± 0.01
After drying (g)
POME	2.45 ± 0.01	1.99 ± 0.01	2.93 ± 0.01	5.95 ± 0.01
RPE	2.45 ± 0.01	2.54 ± 0.006	2.88 ± 0.02	6.18 ± 0.01