Assessment on pesticides utilization and its effect on beekeeping in Kafa and Benchi-Sheko Zones, South-Western Region, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of study areas.

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of respondents

S.no.	Variables	Category	Frequency	Percent
1	Sex	Male	354	98.3
		Female	6	1.7
2	Age	22–25	7	1.94
		26–45	133	36.94
		46–55	126	35.00
		56–73	94	26.11
3	Educational level	Illiterate	55	15.28
		Read and write	83	23.06
		Grade 1–4	122	33.89
		Grade 5–8	68	18.89
		Grade 9–12	29	8.06
		Above Grade 12	3	0.83
4	Marital status	Married	313	87
		Divorced	14	4
		Widowed	11	3
		Unmarried	22	6

Figure 2. Number of individuals using agrochemicals.

Figure 3. Purposes of pesticides.

Table 2. Types of pesticides and their purposes

S.no.	Pesticides (Trade names)	Active ingredients	N (%)	Mean ± SD	Crops	Used for controlling
1	2,4-D	2,4-Dichloro-phenoxy acetic acid	229(41)	0.68 ± 0.38	Cereals (teff, rice, wheat, barley)	Broad-leaved weeds
2	Roundup	Isopropylamine salt of glyphosate	122(22)	0.99 ± 0.85	Coffee, tea and for land preparation (for cereals)	Any types of weeds
3	Malathion	Carbaryl 0.3%, malathion 6%, Captan12%	73(13)	0.58 ± 0.38	Maize, teff, green pepper, chat	weevil, termite, insects, worms, animal parasites and ants
4	Diazinon	Phosphorothiote48%	52(9)	0.33 ± 0.20	Maize, teff and enset	Worms, insects
5	Agrolambasin	Profenos30%,Lambda- Cyhalothrin 2%	15(2.7)	1.10 ± 0.39	Fruits and vegetables	Fungi diseases
6	Mancozeb	Mn^2+15%,Zn^2+2%, C4H6N2S4)58%	15(2.7)	1.03 ± 0.23	Fruits and vegetables, chat	Fungi diseases
7	Karate	Lambda-Cyhalothrin 1.22%	12(2)	0.65 ± 0.43	Fruits and vegetables, chat	Fungi diseases
8	Redomil	Metalaxyl-M40g/kg; Mancozeb 640 g/kg	10(1.8)	0.92 ± 0.18	Fruits and vegetables	Fungi diseases
9	Matico	Fluoxastrobin18%, Tebuconazole 25%	10(1.8)	1.20 ± 0.48	Fruits and vegetables	Fungi diseases
10	Imidacloprid	Imidacloprid 2.5%, Imidazolidinimine 75%	9(1.6)	0.78 ± 0.36	Fruits and vegetables	Fungi diseases
11	Profit	Tricycyclazole-75%	8(1.4)	1.05 ± 0.32	Fruits and vegetables	Fungi diseases
12	Sevin	Carbaryl 22.5%	7(1.2)	0.71 ± 0.27	Fruits and vegetables	Fungi diseases

Table 3. Pesticides utilization by agro-ecologies

AEZ	Parameters	Roundup	2,4-D	Malathion	Diazinon	Ridomil	Mancozeb	Profit	Agrolambasin	Matico	Sevin	Imidacloprid	Karate
HL	Mean	0.82	0.56^b	0.38^b	0.29^ab	-	1.00	-	1.25	0.75	-	-	-
	N	31	67	15	14	-	2	-	2	2	-	-	-
	SD	0.43	0.36	0.23	0.18	-	0	-	0.35	0.35	-	-	-
ML	Mean	1.10	0.64^b	0.54^b	0.25^b	1.00	1.17	-	1.50	-	-	0.75	0.63
	N	55	78	26	16	1	3	-	2	-	-	2	2
	SD	1.15	0.46	0.34	0.08	-	0.29	-	0.71	-	-	0.35	0.53
LL	Mean	0.99	0.81^a	0.70^a	0.42^a	0.91	1.00	1.04	1.01	1.31	0.71	0.79	0.65
	N	36	84	32	22	9	10	8	11	8	7	7	10
	SD	0.50	0.38	0.43	0.25	0.19	0.24	0.317	0.32	0.46	0.27	0.39	0.44

Table 4. Pesticides utilization by type of respondents

Respondents	Parameters	Roundup	2,4-D	Malathion	Diazinon	Ridomil	Mancozeb	Profit	Agrolambasin	Matico	Sevin	Imidacloprid	Karate
Beek eepers	Mean	0.97	0.65	0.55	0.25	0.83	1.00	0.97	1.11	1.20	0.63	0.60	0.50
	N	58	103	31	23	5	6	5	9	5	4	5	7
	SD	0.46	0.41	0.37	0.16	0.24	0.00	0.34	0.42	0.45	0.25	0.22	0.35
Non-Beekeepers	Mean	1.02	0.7	0.60	0.39	1.00	1.06	1.17	1.08	1.20	0.83	1.00	0.85
	N	64	126	42	29	5	9	3	6	5	3	4	5
	SD	1.09	0.36	0.40	0.22	0.00	0.30	0.29	0.38	0.57	0.29	0.41	0.49
Total	Mean	0.99	0.68	0.58	0.33	0.92	1.03	1.04	1.10	1.20	0.71	0.78	0.65
	N	122	229	73	52	10	15	8	15	10	7	9	12
	SD	0.85	0.38	0.38	0.20	0.18	0.23	0.32	0.39	0.48	0.27	0.36	0.43

Figure 4. Utilization trends of pesticides.

Figure 5. Sources of pesticides.

Table 5. Reasons for not using pesticides

S.no.	Reasons	Frequency	Beekeepers	Non-beekeepers	X^2	p-value
1	Affects bees	45(25.71)	45(40.54)	0(0)	51.43	0.000
2	Few/No croplands	25(14.29)	11(9.91)	14(21.88)	0.387	0.534
3	Using manpower	25(14.29)	15(13.51)	10(15.63	1.075	0.300
4	Affects the quality of crops	24(13.71)	13(11.71)	11(17.19)	0.179	0.673
5	Lack of income	18(10.29)	7(6.31)	11(17.19)	0.936	0.333
6	Unavailable	14(8)	6(5.41)	8(12.5)	0.297	0.586
7	Reduces soil fertility	13(7.43)	7(6.31)	6(9.38)	0.080	0.778
8	Reduces crop yield	11(6.29)	7(6.31)	4(6.25)	0.844	0.358
	Total	175	111	64

Figure 6. Frequency of application.

Figure 7. Time of application.

Table 6. Farmers’ perception about pesticides and their utilization

S.no.	Variables	Response categories	Freq.	%
1	Adverse effects of pesticides	Environment pollution	360	100
		Killing non-target species	292	81
2	Storage mechanisms of pesticides	Hanging inside the house	316	87.78
		Locked up in safe places	44	12.22
3	Handling ways of containers after using pesticides	Using for storing other goods (like water, milk and salt)	46	12.27
		Left at fields (at farms, thrown in bushes or rivers)	124	33.07
		Thrown in toilet	193	51.47
		Burnt/buried	12	3.20
4	Using protective clothes while spraying	Yes	8	2.22
		No	352	97.78
5	Training on pesticides use	Yes	132	36.67
		No	228	63.33
6	Following the labeled instructions of pesticides	Yes	63	17.50
		No	297	82.5
7	Mixing of chemicals	Yes	3	0.83
		No	357	99.17

Table 7. Effects of pesticides on honeybees and honey yield

Districts	Effects on honeybee colonies			Honey yield losses (Kg)
	Dwindled	Absconded	Deaths
Gimbo	395	167	56	7412
Chena	293	156	25	4015
Gurafarda	193	94	18	2535
Debub Benchi	134	65	13	1684
Total	1015	482	112	15,644