Impact of common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) genotypes on seed yield, and seed quality at different locations of Eastern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1. Altitude, soil type, latitude and longitude of the test locations

Locations	Altitude	Soil type	Latitude	Longitude
	(m a.s.l.)		(N)	(E)
Haramaya	2020	Alluvial	9°26’	42° 03’
Babile	1650	Sandy loam	9°08’	42°21’
Hirna	1870	Vertisol	9°12’	41°04’

Table 2. Description of test common bean varieties used in the 2018 main cropping season

No.	Variety	Year of release	Breeder/ Maintainer	Adaptation (m.a.s.l.)	Seed size	Seed color
1.	Tinike	2012	HU	1500–2200	Large	Red
2.	Babile	2012	HU	1500–2200	Large	Red
3.	Awash-2	1999	MARC	1400–2200	Small	White
4.	Ayenew	1997	HU	1700–2000	Large	Pinto
5.	Nasir	2003	MARC	1200–1800	Small	Red
6.	A-Melka	1999	MARC	1400–2200	Small	White
7.	Hundane	2012	HU	1500–2200	Large	Red mottled
8.	Awash-1	1990	MARC	1400–2200	Small	White
9.	Kufanzik	2007	HU	1300–2000	Large	Pinto
10.	Gofta	1997	HU	1500–2000	Medium	Cream
11.	Chercher	2006	HU	1500–2200	Small	White
12.	Haramaya	2006	HU	1500–2000	Medium	Cream
13.	Dursitu	2007	HU	1500–2200	Small	Red

Note: HU = Haramaya University, MARC = Melkasa Agricultural Research Center

Seed source: Melkasa Agricultural Research Center and Haramaya University

Table 3. Mean seed yield (kg ha⁻¹) of thirteen common bean varieties grown in three locations (haramaya, babile, and hirna) in the 2018 main cropping season

No.	Varieties	Haramaya	Babile	Hirna	Mean	Rank
1.	Tinike	3912.89^def	3481.32^ab	5580.88^c	4325.03 ^cd	6
2.	Babile	4269.48 ^cd	3278.70^b	5740.40^c	4429.53 ^cd	5
3.	Awash-2	3858.83^def	610.05 ^g	5203.92 ^cd	3224.48^fg	11
4.	Ayenew	5458.54^ab	2612.48^c	8566.44^a	5545.82^a	1
5.	Nasir	3998.68 ^cde	917.19^fg	5485.77^c	3467.21^ef	9
6.	A-Melka	3982.41 ^cde	1524.79^d	5590.30^c	3699.16^e	8
7.	Hundane	3791.08^def	3713.96^a	5181.15 ^cd	4228.65^d	7
8.	Awash-1	3103.28 ^f	603.01 g	3796.73^e	2501.01 ^h	13
9.	Kufanzik	4763.15^b	1411.22^de	7178.56^b	4450.97 ^cd	4
10.	Gofta	5692.44^a	1072.77^ef	8675.88^a	5147.03^b	2
11.	Chercher	3406.54^ef	787.28 ^fg	4424.79^de	2872.91^gh	12
12.	Haramaya	5124.19^ab	1147.80^def	7803.16^ab	4691.71^bc	3
13.	Dursitu	3606.00^def	898.46^fg	5295.41 ^cd	3266.60^efg	10
	EM	4228.27^b	1696.85^c	6040.26^a	3,988.46
	EMS	231911	64,040.50	362,287.62
	CV (%)	11.39	14.91	10.0
	LSD (5%)	811.53	426.45	1014.31

Means followed by the same letter within the same column are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of probability; LSD = least significant difference; CV = coefficient of variation; EMS = error mean of squares; EM = environmental means; EMS = error mean squares.

Table 4. AMMI analysis of genotype and location means and scores for 13 common bean varieties grown across three locations (haramaya, babile, and hirna) in the 2018 main cropping season

No.	Varieties	Seed yield (kg ha^−1)	Rank	IPC1	IPC2
1.	Tinike	4325.03	6	−25.57206	11.83591
2.	Babile	4429.53	5	−20.85518	5.07420
3.	Awash-2	3224.48	11	4.14730	−11.95641
4.	Ayenew	5545.82	1	15.16188	17.76529
5.	Nasir	3467.21	9	3.47471	−8.66031
6.	A-Melka	3699.16	8	−2.66840	−2.63592
7.	Hundane	4228.65	7	−32.14348	9.94512
8.	Awash-1	2501.01	13	−10.30547	−16.94163
9.	Kufanzik	4450.97	4	14.85696	3.76444
10.	Gofta	5147.03	2	34.57304	3.99514
11.	Chercher	2872.91	12	−6.04108	−12.75760
12.	Haramaya	4691.71	3	24.42430	3.62901
13.	Dursitu	3266.60	10	0.94750	−3.05723
	Locations	Mean	Rank	IPC1	IPC2
1.	Haramaya	4228	2	12.16677	−28.79563
2.	Babile	1697	3	−52.57247	8.74569
3.	Hirna	6040	1	40.40570	20.04994

IPCA1 and IPCA2 = Interaction principal components axis one and two, respectively.

Table 5. AMMI-estimates per location for 13 common bean varieties in the three locations (haramaya, babile, and hirna) in the 2018 main cropping season

No.	Variety	Haramaya			Babile			Hirna
		Mean	AMMI-est.	Ranked	Mean	AMMI-est.	Ranked	Mean	AMMI-est.	Ranked
1.	Tinike	3913	G10	5692	3481	G7	3714	5581	G10	8676
2.	Babile	4269	G4	5459	3279	G1	3481	5740	G4	8566
3.	Awash-2	3859	G12	5124	610	G2	3279	5204	G12	7803
4.	Ayenew	5459	G9	4763	2612	G4	2612	8566	G9	7179
5.	Nasir	3999	G2	4269	917	G6	1525	5486	G2	5740
6.	A-Melka	3982	G5	3999	1525	G9	1411	5590	G6	5590
7.	Hundane	3791	G6	3982	3714	G12	1148	5181	G1	5581
8.	Awash-1	3103	G1	3913	603	G10	1073	3797	G5	5486
9.	Kufanzik	4763	G3	3859	1411	G5	917	7179	G13	5295
10.	Gofta	5692	G7	3791	1073	G13	898	8676	G3	5204
11.	Chercher	3407	G13	3606	787	G11	787	4425	G7	5181
12.	Haramaya	5124	G11	3407	1148	G3	610	7803	G11	4425
13.	Dursitu	3606	G8	3103	898	G8	603	5295	G8	3797

G1 = Tinike;G2 = Babile;G3 = Awash2;G4 = Ayenew;G5 = Nasir;G6 = AwashMelka;G7 = Hundane;G8 = Awash-1;G9 = Kufanzik;G10 = Gofta;G11 = Chercher;G12 = Haramaya and G13 = Dursitu varieties.

Table 6. Mean values of yield-related traits of thirteen common bean varieties tested at three locations

Variety	FEI	MET	SE	DF	DPM	PH	PPP	SPP	HSW
1.	8.75 ^cd	8.31^a	89.38^ab	45.11^bc	92.44 ^cd	75.90 ^cd	19.70^d	4.36^bc	40.00^a
2.	9.04^bcd	8.24^ab	89.64^ab	43.11^d	89.67 ^f	75.46 ^cd	20.28^d	4.69^ab	40.35^a
3.	9.58^abc	8.07^abc	80.30^ef	45.22^b	92.11 ^cde	76.40 ^cd	25.61^b	4.68^ab	19.34 ^f
4.	8.85 ^cd	8.29^a	88.25^ab	43.33^d	94.33^b	81.41^c	26.71^ab	4.68^ab	33.13^c
5.	9.63^abc	7.77^c	81.55^de	50.89^a	92.00^de	65.07 ^f	26.04^b	4.97^a	19.40 ^f
6.	9.91^ab	7.95^abc	83.16^de	51.33^a	95.11^ab	62.18 ^f	27.36^ab	4.43^bc	19.55 ^f
7.	8.60^d	8.32^a	89.33^ab	42.89^de	91.89^de	53.79 ^g	20.24^d	4.14^c	39.63^a
8.	10.02^a	7.72^c	76.74 ^g	46.33^b	93.89^bc	72.80^de	27.17^ab	4.94^a	17.60 ^g
9.	8.89 ^cd	8.04^abc	84.58^c	38.89 ^f	85.89 ^g	82.98^bc	24.57^bc	4.6^abc	36.74^b
10.	9.30^a-^d	7.99^abc	90.95^a	41.67^e	90.16 ^f	90.00^b	20.58^d	4.37^bc	31.44^d
11.	6.94^e	8.24^ab	77.62 ^g	50.89^a	95.44^ab	61.00 ^f	29.23^a	4.92^a	21.84^e
12.	9.85^ab	7.88^bc	86.94^bc	43.89 ^cd	96.56^a	103.43^a	29.54^a	4.69^ab	32.94^c
13.	9.42^a-^d	7.81^c	81.47^de	50.44^a	91.56^de	63.51 ^f	22.53 ^cd	4.99^a	19.21 ^f
Mean	9.14	8.05	84.61	45.69	92.42	74.14	24.58	4.65	28.55
EMS	0.88	0.17	12.88	1.81	3.86	72.17	10.44	0.26	0.92
CV (%)	10.28	12.05	4.24	7.81	6.04	24.79	37.58	12.59	6.44
LSD 5%	0.88	0.39	3.37	1.26	1.84	7.98	3.03	0.48	0.90

CV = coefficient of variation; LSD = least significant difference; Means followed by the same letter within the same column are not significantly different at 5% level of probability; FEI = field emergence index; MET = mean emergence time; SE = seedling establishment; DF = days to flowering; DM = days to maturity; PH = plant height; PPP = pods per plant; SSP = seeds per pod; HSW = hundred seed weight; Var1 = Tinike; Var2 = Babile, Var3 = Awash-2; Var4 = Ayenew; Var5 = Nasir; Var6 = Awash-Melka; Var7 = Hundane; Var8 = Awash-1; Var9 = Kufanzik; Var10 = Gofta; Var11 = Chercher; Var12 = Haramaya and Var13 = Dursitu.

Table 7. Mean values of yield-related traits of common bean varieties across tested locations (haramaya, babile, and hirna) in the 2018 main cropping season

Location	FEI	MET	SE	DF	DPM	PH	PPP	SPP	HSW
Haramaya	8.05^c	8.93^a	87.91^a	49.36^a	96.5^a	71.35^b	25.77^b	4.60^b	28.06^b
Babile	10.75^a	6.94^c	77.51^b	42.03^c	85.51^c	56.44^c	14.60^c	4.43^b	28.46^b
Hirna	8.61^b	8.28^b	88.40^a	45.70^b	95.21^b	94.64^a	33.39^a	4.92^a	29.14^a
GM	9.14	8.05	84.61	45.69	92.41	74.14	24.58	4.65	28.55
EMS	0.88	0.17	12.88	1.80	3.86	72.17	10.44	0.26	0.92
CV (%)	16.86	12.05	4.24	7.81	6.04	24.79	37.58	12.59	6.44
LSD (0.05)	0.42	0.19	3.09	0.61	0.89	3.83	1.46	0.23	0.43

GM = grand mean; EMS = error mean squares; CV = coefficient of variation; LSD = least significant difference; Means followed by same letters within the same column are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of probability; FEI = field emergence index; MET = mean emergence time; SE = seedling establishment; DF = days to flowering; DM = days to maturity; PH = plant height; PPP = pods per plant; SSP = seeds per pod and HSW = hundred seed weight.

Table 8. Mean values of seed quality parameters for thirteen common bean varieties grown at Haramaya in 2018

Variety	MC	SG	RL	SL	SDW	VI–I	VI–II	SD	TZ
1.	9.80 ^f	97.04^a	9.83^cde	9.55 ^h	70.0^a	1880^d	6800^a	129.2^b	97.3^abc
2.	10.0 ^cde	95.04^ab	10.50^bc	11.60^ef	55.0^b	2099.8^bc	5220^ab	121.1^de	98.75^a
3.	10.1^cd	90.03 ^cd	10.20^bcd	13.43 ^cd	25.0^d	2112.0^bc	2240^de	125.9^bc	94.0^def
4.	8.65 ^g	91.50^c	10.63^b	12.73^de	35.0^cd	2148.15^b	3220 ^cd	137.23^a	95.0^cde
5.	9.95^def	78.53^ef	8.03 ^f	11.40^fg	40.0^c	1523.80^e	3100 ^cd	116.98 ^f	95.5^bcd
6.	8.20^i	90.56 ^cd	9.25^e	15.08^b	60.0^ab	2202.25^b	5370^ab	112.4 ^g	98.5^ab
7.	9.88^ef	87.05^d	11.60^a	10.93^fg	45.0^bc	1980.2 ^cd	3950^c	123.1^cd	94.0^def
8.	10.53^b	82.53^e	9.68^de	14.15^bc	22.5^d	1969.8 ^cd	1845^e	126.5^bc	97.0^a-^d
9.	8.15^i	81.72^ef	9.33^e	10.38 ^gh	60.0^ab	1616.3^e	4960^b	120.1^def	89.0 ^g
10.	8.40 ^h	71.27 ^h	8.28^f	7.28^i	40.0^c	1122.30 ^f	2840^d	139.7^a	92.0^efg
11.	8.40 ^h	97.05^a	10.50^bc	17.30^a	40.0^c	2694.5^a	3860^c	112.4 ^g	99.0^a
12.	10.75^a	78.08^fg	10.85^b	14.28^bc	65.0^ab	1959.5 ^cd	5070^b	118.2^ef	96.3^a-^d
13.	10.10^c	74.12^gh	9.30^e	11.10^fg	35 ^cd	1506.45^e	2590^de	118.0^ef	91.5 ^fg
Mean	9.45	85.65	9.84	12.24	45.58	1908.80	3928.1	123.14	95.21
CV (%)	1.01	3.51	5.17	6.45	42.42	5.86	42.68	2.13	2.27
LSD5%	0.14	4.31	0.73	1.13	27.72	160.30	2404.5	3.77	3.10

CV = coefficient of variation; LSD = least significant difference; Means followed by the same letter within the same column are not significantly different at 5% level of probability; MC = seed moisture content; SG = standard seed germination; RL = seedling root length; SL = seedling shoot length; SDW = seedling dry weight; VI–I = seedling vigor index one; VI–II = seedling vigor index two; SD = seed density; TZ = tetrazolium seed viability test; Var1 = Tinike;Var2 = Babile; Var3 = Awash-2; Var4 = Ayenew; Var5 = Nasir; Var6 = Awash-Melka; Var7 = Hundane; Var8 = Awash-1; Var9 = Kufanzik; Var10 = Gofta; Var11 = Chercher; Var12 = Haramaya and Var13 = Dursitu.

Table 9. Mean values of seed quality parameters for thirteen common bean varieties grown at Babile in 2018

Variety	MC	SG	RL	SL	SDW	VI–I	VI–II	SD	TZ
1.	10.15^a	95^abc	11.73^ab	9.28 ^g	75^ab	1994.8^def	7120^ab	112.2^ef	98^a
2.	10.13^a	89^bcd	10.75^bc	11.15 ^fg	75^ab	1938.5^d-^g	6670^b	115.8^cde	96^ab
3.	7.58 ^f	79.5^ef	9.23^def	16.25^bc	25^d	2026.3^def	1990^e	123.88^a	94.5^ab
4.	8.3^d	73.5^gh	12.13^a	13.38^ef	60^bc	1796.4^efg	4230 ^cd	120.8^ab	94.5^ab
5.	7.75^e	91^a-^d	8.75^ef	15.78^bcd	25^d	2229.4^bcd	2260^e	116.5 ^cd	94^abc
6.	8.28^d	84.5^de	9.63^cde	18.75^a	55^bc	2400.1^bc	4680^c	109.2^fg	94.5^ab
7.	9.9^b	98^a	12^ab	14.25^cde	90^a	2572.2^ab	8830^a	114.1^cde	98^a
8.	9.1^c	77^efg	10.03^cde	17.8^ab	25^d	2139.3^cde	1920^e	115.5^cde	93.5^abc
9.	8.35^d	75^fg	10.2 ^cd	13^ef	45 ^cd	1744.65 ^fg	3330 ^cd	117.5^bcd	93^bc
10.	7.7^e	66 ^h	9.48^c-^f	14.7^cde	27.5^d	1598.65 ^g	1825^e	95.23 ^h	89.5^cde
11.	7.8^e	96^ab	10.23 ^cd	19.73^a	45 ^cd	2863.45^a	4320 ^cd	118.1^bc	86.5^e
12.	7.75^e	77.5^efg	8.33 ^f	17.5^ab	25^d	2003.2^def	2060^e	107.0 ^g	87^de
13.	5.38^g	88 ^cd	9.33^def	13.7^de	30^d	2044.3^c-^f	2630^e	114.0^de	91.5^bcd
Mean	8.32	83.81	10.14	15.02	46.35	2103.93	3989.6	113.83	93.12
CV (%)	0.95	6.29	8.89	10.45	30.48	12.19	31.30	2.51	3.53
LSD5%	0.11	7.54	1.29	2.25	20.26	367.7	1790.8	4.101	4.71

CV = coefficient of variation; LSD = least significant difference; Means followed by the same letter within the same column are not significantly different at 5% level of probability; MC = seed moisture content; SG = standard seed germination; RL = seedling root length; SL = seedling shoot length; SDW = seedling dry weight; VI–I = seedling vigor index one; VI–II = seedling vigor index two; SD = seed density; TZ = tetrazolium seed viability test; Var1 = Tinike;Var2 = Babile; Var3 = Awash-2; Var4 = Ayenew; Var5 = Nasir; Var6 = Awash-Melka; Var7 = Hundane; Var8 = Awash-1; Var9 = Kufanzik; Var10 = Gofta; Var11 = Chercher; Var12 = Haramaya and Var13 = Dursitu.

Table 10. Mean values of seed quality parameters for thirteen common bean varieties grown at Hirna in 2018

Variety	MC	SG	RL	SL	SDW	VI–I	VI–II	SD	TZ
1.	9.75^b	87^bcd	10.43^b	8.85 ^h	60^bc	1677.4^e	5210^bc	127.13^b	93.5^cde
2.	9.68^b	80.5^efg	9.85^bcd	10.65^f	75^b	1651.55^e	6020^b	127.25^b	91^ef
3.	8.2 ^h	93^ab	10.4^b	15.48^c	25 ^f	2405.7^ab	2310^de	123.8^cd	93^de
4.	9.98^a	85.5^cde	10.13^bc	10.38^fg	45^cde	1692.8^e	3720^cde	126.55^bc	98^a
5.	9.1^e	78.5^fg	10.08^bc	14.13^d	35^def	1898.2^d	2790^de	123.5^d	93^de
6.	8.2 ^h	93.5^a	9.35 ^cd	16.9^ab	25 ^f	2454.9^a	2360^de	129.15^ab	95^bcd
7.	9.45^c	87.5^a-^d	12.25^a	12.88^e	95^a	2200.15^c	8390^a	121.55^de	97.5^ab
8.	9.05^e	79.5^fg	10.55^b	17.85^a	50 ^cd	2258.3^bc	3960 ^cd	123.53^d	98^a
9.	7.8^i	64^i	9.6 ^cd	9.35^gh	35^def	1206.4 ^g	2340^de	120.45^e	96^abc
10.	9.23^d	71 ^h	8.38^e	7.35^i	40^def	1117.4 ^g	2800^de	129.13^ab	89.5^f
11.	8.43 ^g	89^abc	10.55^b	16.08^bc	30^ef	2370^abc	2690^de	116.25 ^f	95.5^a-^d
12.	8.43 ^g	76^gh	9.35 ^cd	10.15 ^fg	35^def	1480.25 ^f	2660^de	131.53^a	89.5^f
13.	8.88 ^f	86^cde	9.28^d	12^e	25 ^f	1828.5^de	2160^e	115.15^f	97^ab
Mean	8.93	82.15	10.01	12.46	44.23	1864.75	3646.9	124.23	94.35
CV (%)	0.86	5.31	5.54	12.46	30.65	7.09	33.26	1.55	2.0
LSD5%	0.11	6.25	0.80	0.80	19.44	189.7	1739.5	2.76	2.70

CV = coefficient of variation; LSD = least significant difference; Means followed by the same letter within the same column are not significantly different at 5% level of probability; MC = seed moisture content; SG = standard seed germination; RL = seedling root length; SL = seedling shoot length; SDW = seedling dry weight; VI–I = seedling vigor index one; VI–II = seedling vigor index two; SD = seed density; TZ = tetrazolium seed viability test; Var1 = Tinike; Var2 = Babile; Var3 = Awash2; Var4 = Ayenew; Var5 = Nasir; Var6 = Awash-Melka; Var7 = Hundane; Var8 = Awash1; Var9 = Kufanzik; Var10 = Gofta; Var11 = Chercher; Var12 = Haramaya and Var13 = Dursitu.

Table 11. Mean values of laboratory seed quality parameters across tested locations (haramaya, babile, and hirna) in 2018

Locations				Parameters
	MC	SG	RL	SL	SDW	VI–I	VI–II	SD	TZ
Haramaya	9.45^a	85.65^a	9.84^a	12.24^b	45.58^a	1908.84^b	3928.08^a	123.14^a	95.21^a
Babile	8.32^c	83.62^a	10.14^a	15.02^a	46.35^a	2103.93^a	3989.62^a	113.83^b	93.12^b
Hirna	8.93^b	82.21^a	10.01^a	12.46^b	44.23^a	1864.75^b	3646.92^a	124.23^a	94.35^ab
Mean	8.90	83.81	10.0	13.24	45.38	1959.17	3854.87	120.40	94.22
EMS	0.01	18.57	0.45	1.25	59.61	30,569.7	1,900,926	7.51	6.23
CV (%)	11.1	11.6	11.9	23.5	52.7	21.4	57.5	6.0	4.1
LSD (5%)	0.38	3.78	0.46	1.21	9.27	162.50	859.1	2.82	1.50

CV = coefficient of variation; LSD = least significant difference; EMS = error mean square; Means followed by same letters within the same column are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of probability; MC = seed moisture content; SG = standard seed germination; RL = seedling root length; SL = seedling shoot length; SDW = seedling dry weight; VI–I = seedling vigor index one; VI–II = seedling vigor index two; SD = seed density; TZ = tetrazolium seed viability test.

Table A1. Mean squares values of varieties and error for individual locations (haramaya, babile and hirna) for seed yield and yield related traits

Traits	Haramaya		Babile		Hirna
	Variety	Error	Variety	Error	Variety	Error
FEI	2.08**	0.64	5.48**	1.49	1.48*	0.5650
MET	0.40***	0.09	0.08^ns	0.09	0.26^ns	0.28
SE	73.87**	19.30	157.25***	9.05	79.879***	7.072
DF	61.75***	1.99	56.03***	1.32	48.58***	1.97
DPM	42.14***	3.33	24.81***	4.17	36.09***	4.05
PH	559.90***	73.95	294.97***	51.28	1266.11***	73.88
PPP	180.51***	20.99	55.79***	5.09	67.01***	5.58
SPP	0.95***	0.15	0.29^ns	0.53	0.49**	0.12
HSW	295.77***	0.44	225.07***	0.63	258.91***	1.63
SY	1904039***	231,911	3,961,508***	64,040	7,044,514***	362,288

*, **, ***, significant at 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 level of probability, respectively; ns = non-significant; FEI = field emergence index; MET = mean emergence time; SE = seedling establishment; DF = days to flowering; DM = days to maturity; PH = plant height; PPP = pods per plant; SSP = seeds per pod; HSW = hundred seed weight and SY = seed yield.

Table A2. Mean squares of varieties and error for individual locations (haramaya, babile and hirna) for seed quality traits

Traits	Haramaya		Babile		Hirna
	Variety	Error	Variety	Error	Variety	Error
MC	3.51***	0.01	6.75***	0.01	1.86***	0.005
SG	303.56***	9.01	416.03***	27.67	291.73***	19.00
RL	4.14***	0.26	5.91***	0.81	3.40***	0.30
SL	27.53***	0.62	36.40***	2.46	45.29***	0.74
SDW	917.30*	373.70	2085.90***	199.60	1797.40***	183.80
VI–I	621646***	12,493	479,621.33***	65,741.0	805,370.0***	17,491.0
VI–II	8573459**	2,811,213	21,007,541***	1,559,380	13,792,892***	1,471,333
SD	287.29***	6.90	204.05***	10.32	97.69***	3.71
TZ	37.29***	4.68	53.19***	10.78	36.90***	3.55

*, **, ***, significant at 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 level of probability, respectively; MC = seed moisture content; SG = standard seed germination; RL = seedling root length; SL = seedling shoot length; SDW = seedling dry weight; VI–I = seedling vigor index one; VI–II = seedling vigor index two; SD = seed density; TZ = tetrazolium seed viability test