Revealing determinants that affects garlic production in Ethiopia using PRISMA methodology

Figures & data

Table 1. Institutional determinants and farmers characteristics that affects garlic production in Ethiopia

Factor	Extent^12 of the factor problem	Specific region^13	Specific Zone,^14 District^15 or kebele^16	Citation
Institutional
Shortage of finance service for input like improved variety seed, chemical, pesticides and irrigation facilities purchase Lack of credit services	Major Major [lack of credit services (70.6%)].	Amhara, Southwest Ethiopia, SNNP, Tigray Oromia	Yilmana Densa district AdetZuria Goshaye and Ambesit kebele, Bench-Sheko, Kaffa, Sheka, and West-Omo zones, west shewa zone, gurage, hadiya, yemi special district^17 Arsi Zone, Digelu-Tijo, Lemu-Bilbilo, Hetosa, Tiyo and Ziway-Dugda Districts^18	(Shege et al., 2021, Benyam et al., 2021, Bezabih et al., 2015, Diriba et al., 2020, Lema et al., 2017,G et al., 2017, Shege, 2015,Hanibal et al., 2010)
Low supply of improved seed varieties low supply of fertilizers Poor extension service	Major [improved seed varieties (94.5%), low supply of fertilizers (95%)] Medium [Poor extension service (57.3%)]	Southwest Ethiopia SNNP, Oromia, Tigray Oromia	Bench-Sheko, Kaffa, Sheka, and West-Omo zones Kaffa, Sheka, and West-Omo zones, west shewa zone, gurage, hadiya, yemi special district Arsi Zone, Digelu-Tijo, Lemu-Bilbilo, Hetosa, Tiyo and Ziway-Dugda Districts	(Benyam et al., 2021, Bezabih et al., 2015, Diriba et al., 2020,Lema et al., 2017,G et al., 2017)
Poor market linkage Low institutional support and market information’s	Major [lack of market linkage (62.5%)] Major	Southwest Ethiopia SNNP and Oromia Tigray	west shewa zone, gurage, hadiya, yemi special district Kaffa, Sheka, and West-Omo zones, west shewa zone, gurage, hadiya, yemi special district Arsi Zone, Digelu-Tijo, Lemu-Bilbilo, Hetosa, Tiyo and Ziway-Dugda Districts	[Shege, 2015, Shege et al., 2021, Shibabaw et al., 2017, Siyoum & Yesuf, 2013]

Table 2. Farmer’s characteristics that affects garlic production in Ethiopia

Farmers characteristics	Extent of the factor problem	Specific region	Specific Zone, District or kebele	Citation
Farmers experience	Medium	Amhara Oromia	Yilmana Densa district AdetZuria Goshaye and Ambesit kebele Arsi Zone, Digelu-Tijo, Lemu-Bilbilo, Hetosa, Tiyo and Ziway-Dugda Districts	(Shege et al., 2021,Diriba et al., 2020)
Poor knowledge and skill gap of farmer	High	Southwest Ethiopia	Bench-Sheko, Kaffa, Sheka, and West-Omo zones	(Benyam et al., 2021, Bezabih et al., 2015, Diriba et al., 2020,G et al., 2017)
Low attitude of farmers towards improved technology like low usage of improved seed varieties, low supply and use of fertilizers	High [low usage of improved seed varieties (94.5%), low supply and use of fertilizers (95%)]	SNNP and Oromia Tigray Southwest Ethiopia	Kaffa, Sheka, and West-Omo zones, west shewa zone, gurage, hadiya, yemi special district Bench-Sheko, Kaffa, Sheka, and West-Omo zones	(Benyam et al., 2021)

Table 3. Production and management determinant (variety) affecting yield production of garlic in Ethiopia

Factor	Study altitude (m.a.s.l)	Studied Variety/cultivar /germplasm	Recommended variety	Specific region		Specific Zone, District or kebele		Citation
Agronomic practices/factors
Variety	1200-2938	Chefe, Kuriftu,Tsedey 92, Holeta, Chelenko I (S.C.), and Local	Tsedey 92	Oromia		Gursum, and Kombolcha districts on farmers’ farm, Eastern Hararghe zone		[Mohammed et al., 2021]
	1960	Tsedey 92, and local	Tsedey 92	SNNPR		Beresa watershed, Mesqanworeda, Guraghie Zone of the		[Abreham et al., 2017]
	Not-mentioned	Adiszemene local, Holleta, Tsedey 92, Kuriftu, and Chefe	Adiszemene local	Amhara		South Gondar zone, Angot, and Ginaza Woreta		[Dessie & Mulat, 2019]
	2027-2632	Briki-Gc-1/16 Kuriftu(S. C), birki-Gc-2/16, Bora-Gc-16, Bisheftu, Nech(S.C), Tseday(S.C), Bora-2/16, Bora-3/16, and Bora-1/16	Bora-1/16 and Bora-2/16	Tigray		Ahferom, Hagere, selam, Hatsebo, and Ofla		[Fasikaw, 2020]
	1500-3200	BishoftuNech, Tseday 92, Kuriftu, MM-98 and local	Local	Amahara		Dabati district North Gonder		[Ayalew et al., 2015]
	1864	Bishoftu Netch, Tsedey 92, and local	Tsedey 92	Tigray		Aksum University Selekleka research and demonstration center, located at Medebay Zana district, Northwestern Zone		[Mulu & Negasi, 2021]

Table 4. Production and management determinants (variety, accessions, germplasm) affecting yield production of garlic in Ethiopia

Factor	Study altitude (m.a.s.l)	Studied Variety/cultivar /germplasm	Recommended variety	Specific region	Specific Zone, District or kebele	Citation
Agronomic practices/factors
Cultivars/variety	2376	DZARC^19/EIAR,^20 DZARC/EIAR, Around Bora ,Around Bora, Bora, Bora, Brki, and Brki	Around Bora and Bora	Tigray	Zata Kebele, Ofla Woreda, southern Zone of Tigray	(Harnet & Yibrah, 2015)
Accession/germplasm	2509	Sekela – Lijima, Dejen -Koncher Awebel -Dehguma Dejen- Borbor Bure – Kebsa Sinan - Debre Zeit Sekela - Yedem Mariyam Banja – Satma Dejen – Gibgib Sekela-Menbeta Banja – Satma Awebel - Yazera giorgis Dembecha- Senseb Gebriel Dejen – Jeva, Kuriftu (S.C.) , and Bishoftu (S.C)	Banja – Satma Awebel - Yazera giorgis Dembecha- Senseb Gebriel Dejen – Gibgib	Amahara	Debre Markos University College of Agriculture and Natural Resource research field	(Yeshiwas et al., 2018)
Cultivar/variety	2710	Rie (Local), G-99-2, Bisheftu netch (W-014) G-161-2,and Tsedey 92 (G-493)	Tseday 92 followed by Bisheftu netch (W-014)	Tigray	Tegahne, eastern administrative zone of Tigray in Atsbi Womberta Woreda	(Tadese, 2009)

Table 5. Production and management determinant (variety, accessions, germplasm) affecting yield production of garlic in Ethiopia

Factor	Study altitude (m.a.s.l)	Studied Variety/cultivar /germplasm	Recommended variety	Specific region	Specific Zone, District or kebele	Citation
Agronomic practices/factors
Cultivar/variety	2444	Bishoftu Nech, Tsedey 92, Kuriftu, Felegdaero, Bora-1, Bora-2, and local garlic cultivar (Guahgot)	cultivar Bora 1	Tigray	Gantaafeshum district Eastern Zone of Tigray	(Tadesse, 2015)
Accessions	Not described	81 germplasm accessions	GOG-065/18 (7327.55 kg/ha)	Oromia	DZARC, and Chefe Donsa research sub-station	(Atinafu et al., 2021)
Accessions	3,150	Twenty-eight garlic accessions	G16 and G1	SNNP	Ezo-Otte kebele, Chencha district, Gamo zone highlands	(Tesfaye & Merah, 2021)
germplasm/accession	Greenhouse condition	115 garlic germplasm/accession	Further study	Not-Mentioned	Not mentioned	(Kalkidan et al., 2021)
accession	1990	49 garlic Accessions	Further study	Oromia	Debre Zeit	(Tesfaye et al., 2021)

Table 6. Production and management determinants (Location, and propagation) affecting yield production of garlic in Ethiopia

Factor	Study altitude (m.a.s.l)	Study area		Recommended location	Specific region	Specific Zone, District or kebele		Citation
Agronomic practices/factors
Location	1200 to 2460 1200 to 2938	Kombolcha Gursum		No statistical difference among the location	Oromia	farmers’ farm, Eastern Hararghe zone		(J Mohammed et al., 2021)
	Not-described	Angot, Ginaza, Woreta		Angot	Amhara	South Gondar zone		(Dessie & Mulat, 2019)
	2632 2133 2107 2027 2632 2133 2100 2027	Hagere Selam Ofla Hatsebo Ahferom Hagere Selam Ofla Hatsebo Ahferom		Ofla and Ahferom	Tigray	Hagere Selam Ofla Hatsebo Ahferom Hagere SelamOfla HatseboAhferom		(Fasikaw et al., 2020)
Propagation (clove size)	Altitude	Clove size used	Variety used	Recommended clove size	Specific region	Specific Zone, District or kebele		Citation
	2840	1–1.49 g, 1.5–1.99 g, 2–2.50 g, 2.51–2.99 g, and 3–3.5 g.	Tseday	3–3.5 g	Amahara	Demonstration and research site of Debre Berhan University		(Bizuayehu, Netsanet, et al., 2021)
	Not mentioned	large (3.60–4.5 g), medium (2.6–3.5 g) & small (1.5–2.5 g)	Kuriftu	Medium clove weights (2.6–3.5 g)	Oromia	Madawalabu University		(Semira & Tefera, 2017)

Table 7. Production and management determinants (spacing, and mulching) affecting yield production of garlic in Ethiopia

Factor	Study altitude (m.a.s.l)	Spacing (cm) tested	Variety used	Recommended spacing in cm	Specific region	Specific Zone, District or kebele	Citation
Agronomic factors
Spacing	1864	5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5	Bishoftu Netch, Tsedey92, and local	5 for Bishoftu Netch, And Tsedey92	Tigray	Aksum University Selekleka research and demonstration center, Medebay Zana district, Northwestern Zone	(Mulu & Negasi, 2021)
	1980	10, 15, and 20	local variety (Chiro)	10	Oromia	Raree, Eastern Ethiopia	(Mengesha, 2015)
	2600	0x40,5x40, 10x40,15x40 and 20x40	Local variety	20x40 for leaf number	Amhara	South Wollo Zone, at the experimental site of Wollo University,	(Seid et al., 2014)
Mulching Mulching (review)	Study altitude (m.a.s.l)	Type of mulching	Variety used	Recommended mulching	Specific region	Specific Zone, District or kebele	Citation
	1854	Wheat straw mulch at 4 tons/ha and no mulch.	Not indicated	Wheatstraw mulch at 4 tons/ha	SNNPR	Wolaita Soddo ATVET College, Wolaita Zone	(Mandefro & Shoeb, 2015)
	2750	black polyethylene mulch, grass mulch, no mulch/control	Local garlic cultivar	black polyethylene mulch, followed by the grass mulch	Oromia	Fiche, Addis Ababa University, Selale campus demonstration farm.	(Weldemariam et al., 2017)
	Any	Any	Any	Mulching	Any	Any	(Yimer, 2020)

Table 8. Production and management determinant (watering/irrigation) affecting yield production of garlic in Ethiopia

Factor	Study altitude (m.a.s.l)	Irrigation type	Variety used	Recommended irrigation	Specific region	Specific Zone, District or kebele	Citation
Agronomic factors
Irrigation/ watering	1854	100%, 80% and 60% of ETc (Crop evapotranpiration)	Not indicated	100%, and 80% of ETc (Crop evapotranpiration)	SNNPR	Wolaita Soddo ATVET College, Wolaita Zone	(Mandefro & Shoeb, 2015)
	2720–3456	Trickle irrigation & Gravity irrigation method	Not indicated	Trickle irrigation method	Amahara	The Wonka Keblele	(Dessie, 2020)
	1610–1908	Soil moisture depletion levels (ASMDL) of Irrigation at 60%, 80%, 100%, 120%, and 140%	Tsedey	Managing the soil moisture content above the allowable depletion level of 60% and 80%	Oromia	Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center, located in Oromia region, East Shoa zone	(Ashebir et al., 2021)

Table 9. Production and management determinant (fertilization) affecting yield production of garlic in Ethiopia

Factor	Study altitude (m.a.s.l)	Fertilizer levels kg ha−1	Variety used	Recommended fertilizer level(kg/ha)	Specific region	Specific Zone, District or kebele	Citation
Agronomic factors
Nitrogen (Urea) Fertilizer	1856	0, 46 and 92	local variety	92	Amhara	Kechin Abeba Lasta district, North Wollo Zone	(Workat et al., 2018)
	2006	0, 52.5, 80, 105 and	Chelenko I’	130	Oromia	Haramaya University main campus, Rare Research Field	(Fikru & Fikreyohannes, 2018)
	1750	0, 50, 100 and 120	Minjar nech shunkurt	100	Oromia	Jimma University, college of Agriculture and Veterinary medicine, Horticultural farm	(Adem et al., 2014)
	2800–2845	Below recommend level by 50% (114.13), recommended rate (228.26), above recommend level by 25% (278.33), and control (0-0-0)	Local variety	Above recommend level by 25% (278.33 kg N ha-1	Amahara	Debre Berhan University agricultural demonstration site. north Shewa zone	(Amare & Mamo, 2020)
	1860–1900	0, 92 and 138	Tseday	92	Oromia	Experimental research station of Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Centre (DZARC)	(Diriba et al., 2015)
Phosphorus fertilizer	3207	In the form of TSP 0, 46, 69 and 92	Not indicated	46	Oromia	At Dinsho district of Bale zone	(Guta, 2019)

Table 10. Production and management determinant (fertilization) affecting yield production of garlic in Ethiopia

Factor	Study altitude (m.a.s.l)	Fertilizer levels kg ha−1	Variety used	Recommended fertilizer level(kg/ha)	Specific region	Specific Zone, District or kebele	Citation
Agronomic factors
Phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5)	1856	Four P2O5 levels (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg P2O5 ha−1).	Local variety	46	Amhara	Kechin Abeba Lasta district, North Wollo Zone	(Workat et al., 2018)
	2450	0, 46. 92	Tsedey 92 (G-493)	92	Amhara	Mertule Mariam Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education and Training (MMATVET) College,	(Alemu et al., 2016)
	1860–1900	0, 40, and 80	Tseday	40	Oromia	Experimental research station of Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Centre (DZARC)	(Diriba et al., 2015)
N-P-S fertilizer	3,108	0–0–0; 70–21–9; 112–37–16; and 159–58–25	local garlic cultivar“Gayint Necho”	112–37–16	Amhara	Rural village of 013 At Taria irrigation site in one of northwest Ethiopian highlands known as Lay Gayint.	(Alemayehu & Abate, 2021)

Table 11. Production and management determinant (Disease) affecting yield production of garlic in Ethiopia

Factor	Study altitude (m.a.s.l)	Type of management to	Variety used	Recommended management	Specific region	Specific Zone, District or kebele	Citation
Agronomic factors
Diseases (Garlic rust)	2400	Tilt 250EC, Rex Due, Propiconazole, Rova and untreated control	Tseday	Spraying Rex Duo twice at 21-days interval starting from the onset of the disease	Oromia	At Holetta Agricultural Research center for two years 2017 & 2018	(Habtewold et al., 2019)
	2750	Five rates of propiconazole (0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.5 L/Ha) and three spraying frequencies in 10 day interval (one, two, and three times spray) and unsprayed treatment as a Control check.	Local garlic variety	Spraying of 0.5 liters propiconazole with two times	Amahara	Woreilu District on two farms (Kabe and Segno Kebeles).	(Kassaw & Ayalew, 2021)
Disease (garlic rust and rot)	2463, 2724, and 2509, respectively.	Apron Star, Hot Water, Hot water + chemical and Farmers Practice	Bora local garlic variety	Hot water treatment is feasible	Tigray	3 major garlic growing highland Kebeles of Emba-Alaje(Atsela and Ayba) and Enda Mekoni (Simret Woredas)	(Abrha et al., 2015)

Table 12. Production and management determinant (Disease) affecting yield production of garlic in Ethiopia

Factor	Study altitude (m.a.s.l)	Type of management to	Variety used	Recommended management	Specific region	Specific Zone, District or kebele	Citation
Agronomic factors
Disease (garlic rust)	Bale High land	1 L-ha-1 in four different spray schedules viz., every 7, 14, 21 and 28 days.	Improved “MM-98” variety and local	Every 7 days	Oromia	At Sinana Agricultural Research Center	(Y Worku & Dejene, 2012)
	1980	Bayleton, mancozeb, ridomil and propiconazole) and a control	local garlic variety (chiro)	Propiconazole	Oromia	At Raaree, Haramaya, Eastern Ethiopia,	(Worku et al., 2016)
Disease (garlic white rot)	2000	Tebuconazole (Folicur 25 EC 2.1 ml kg-1), mancozeb (80 WP 4.17 g kg-1) and captan (Merpan 50 WP 4.17 g kg-1).	Local garlic cultivar	Tebuconazole (Folicur 25 EC 2.1 ml kg-1)	Tigray	At Mekell Agricultural Research Center experimental site	(Siyoum & Yesuf, 2013)
	1980	Tebuconazole as a clove treatment and supplemented basal spray, benomyl, mancozeb, captan and thiram	Tseday (G-493) and local garlic cultivars.	Tebuconazole and captan	Oromia	At the Debre Zeit and Bakelo areas of North Shewa	(Tamire et al., 2007)

Table 13. Post harvest technology (harvesting, curing, and storage) affecting yield production of garlic in Ethiopia

Factor	Study altitude (m.a.s.l)	Type of post-harvest factor and management	Variety used	Recommended post-harvest management	Specific region	Specific Zone, District or kebele	Citation
Post-harvest factors
Harvesting	2,002 and 1,160	Harvesting time (60%, 80%, and 100% top fall	Tseday	At 80% top fall	Oromia and Dire Dawa	Haramaya University and Tony farm(Dire Dawa)	(Bizuayehu, Kebede, et al., 2021)
Curing	2,002 and 1,160	curing levels (non-cured and cured-topped),	Tseday	cured-topped
Storage method	2,002 and 1,160	storage methods (wooden shelf, nylon net bag, and floor)	Tseday	wooden shelf and net bag
storage sites	2,002 and 1,160	storage sites (Haramaya University and Dire Dawa representing lowland)	Tseday	Haramaya University
Storage season	1860	the off-season of 2011/12 under irrigation (first season) and during the rainy Season of 2012/13 (second season).	Tseday	rainy season storage	Oromia At the experimental farm of Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Centre		(Diriba et al., 0000)
Storage duration	1900	Storage duration [weeks (2,4,6,8,10, and 12)	Garlic cultivars (W-011,W-014, G-457 and G-571)	more than 12 weeks of ambient temperature and RH storage			(G Tabor et al., 2004)

Figure 1. Search Conceptual framework –determinants affecting garlic production in Ethiopia. Source; own organized.

Figure 2. Type of publication used for this paper.

Figure 3. Article selection procedures for this paper using PRISMA flow diagram.

Figure 4. Yearly publication of determinants affecting garlic production in Ethiopia.

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