Effect of land tenure security on agricultural productivity among small scale farmers in Kenya: a conditional mixed processes analysis

Figures & data

Table 1. Definition and descriptive statistics of continous variables used in the CMP model

Variable name	Description and measurement of variables	Land tenure security status		Significance
		Insecure	Secure
Continuous variables		Mean		t-statistic
Age	Age of the household head in years	42.82 (12.43)	44.55 (11.28)	−1.38
Education level	Years of schooling of the household head	8.51 (3.69)	10.56 (4.14)	−5.00***
Household size	Number of people in the household	4.55 (1.73)	4.53 (1.78)	0.09
Land stay	Number of years household had stayed on the land	16.27 (11.80)	16.93 (11.59)	−0.54
Land size	Total land size in Ha	1.49 (1.38)	1.83 (1.58)	−2.22**
Farm size	Size of land under maize cultivation in Ha	0.77 (0.87)	1.00 (0.86)	−2.59***
Parcel access	Walking time from the homestead to the parcel in minutes	3.53 (2.98)	3.86 (3.08)	−2.26**
Market access	Walking time from the homestead to the nearest market in minutes	39.10 (30.71)	38.11 (29.70)	0.31
Extension contacts	Number of contacts the respondent had with an extension agent	1.07 (0.84)	1.60 (1.61)	−3.98***
Maize productivity	Maize productivity (Kgs/Ha)	2305.19 (1211.95)	2686.36 (1262.72)	−2.94***
Household income	Total household income in KES	215418(179,213.60)	303,047.10 (222,227.30)	−4.17***
Maize gross margin	Maize gross margins in KES	3236285(2,230,325.00)	4,957,516(2,438,796.00)	−7.05***

**, *** represents significance level at 10% and5%respectively

Table 2. Definition and descriptive statistics of categorical variables used in the CMP model

Variable name	Description and measurement of variables	Land tenure security		Significance
		Insecure	Secure
Categorical variables		Percentage		${\mathit{\chi }}^{\mathbf{2}}$
Title deed possession	% of respondents with a land title deed	53.01	46.99
Sex	% of male household heads	51.55	56.98	1.08
Marital status	% of married household heads	59.79	70.35	4.45**
Community leadership	% of household heads who are community leaders	12.37	19.19	3.22*
Land concentration	% respondents with land concentrated in one area	98.45	97.09	0.79
Land acquisition	% of respondents with land acquired through purchase	16.49	29.07	8.30***
Land dispute	% respondents with a land dispute	12.89	7.56	2.78*
Land fertility	% of respondents with high land fertility	59.70	88.95	46.90***
Land topography	% of respondents with land that is hilly	32.99	40.70	2.33
Use of hybrid seeds	% of respondents who used hybrid seeds	90.72	95.35	2.96*
Use of inorganic fertilizer	% of respondents who used fertilizer	60.00	56.52	0.43
Use of herbicides	% of respondents who used herbicides	10.27	11.18	0.07
Credit access	% of respondents with the ability to access credit	39.69	51.74	5.34**
Group membership	% of respondents who are members of at least one group	73.20	76.16	0.42
Oxen ownership	% of respondents owning a donkey	13.34	22.67	5.37**

*, **, *** represents significance level at 10%, 5%, and 1% respectively

Table 3. Conditional mixed processes model results

Variable	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
	Land tenure security	Credit access	Productivity
	Coefficients	Coefficients	Coefficients
Title deed possession		0.849***(0.235)
Credit access			2001.902***(150.962)
Socio-economic characteristics
Sex	0.485** (0.207)	−0.079 (0.137)	11.923 (198.930)
Marital status	0.403** (0.204)
Age	0.008 (0.008)	−0.008 (0.006)	8.266 (8.440)
Education level	0.078*** (0.021)	0.048** (0.0190)	46.780* (28.449)
Household size	−0.037 (0.036)
Household income		−2.422 (2.251)
Land related characteristics
Land dispute	−0.471** (0.235)
Land acquisition	0.360** (0.155)
Land fertility	0.897*** (0.170)
Land topography	0.167 (0.139)
Land stay	0.012 (0.008)
Land size	0.048 (0.051)	0.065* (0.038)
Parcel access	0.029 (0.021)
Land concentration	−0.586 (0.467)
Plot size			−222.303** (94.189)
Institutional characteristics
Community leadership	0.040 (0.187)
Group membership		0.022 (0.145)	1.493 (187.966)
Market access		−0.002 (0.001)
Oxen ownership			230.030 (169.391)
Extension contacts			76.988 (47.833)
Productivity related factors
Maize gross margin		1.711*** (2.181)
Use of hybrid seeds			476.887** (217.960)
Use of inorganic fertilizer			−228.483** (117.082)
Use of herbicides			−5.582 (198.918)
Diagnostic and model fit
Durbin-Wu-Hausman test	4.932*
Number of observations	366.000
LR chi2(35)	246.110
Prob>chi2	0.0000
Log-likelihood	−3335.930

*, **, *** represents significance level at 10%, 5%, and 1% respectively