Agro pastoralists’ awareness and knowledge on contagious caprine Pleuropneumonia in two selected counties in Kenya

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual framework of factors influencing agro pastoralists’ knowledge and awareness of CCPP disease

Figure 2. Map of Kenya showing Kajiado and Taita Taveta counties

Table 1. Agro pastoralists CCPP disease Awareness

	n	%
Aware	309	90.35
Not aware	33	9.65
Overall	342	100

Table 2. Description of both dependent and explanatory variables as used in the multivariate probit model analysis

Variables	Description	%, n = 309	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min.	Max.
Dependent variables
Weakness	Farmer mentioning weakness (0 = No or 1 = Yes)	50
Coughing and hyperpnoea	Farmer mentioning coughing (0 = No or 1 = Yes)	84
Nasal discharge & fever	Farmer mentioning nasal discharge (0 = No or 1 = Yes)	42
Respiratory distress	Farmer mentioning respiratory distress (0 = No or 1 = Yes)	43
Open mouth breathing	Farmer mentioning open mouth breathing (0 = No or 1 = Yes)	49
Foamy salivation	Farmer mentioning foamy saliva (0 = No or 1 = Yes)	17
Socio-economic factors
Gender	Dummy, 1 for male household head and 2 otherwise	38
Age	Age of household head (years)		47.39	14.56	18	90
Education level	Education level of household head
	1 = No formal education	22
	2 = Primary,	37
	3 = Secondary School,	25
	5 = Certificate level,	6
	6 = Diploma level and University degree)	10
Main occupation	Main Source of household livelihood
	1 = Farming (crop and livestock)	79
	2 = Salaried employment,	6
	3 = Self-employed off-farm,	11
	4 = Casual laborer (on other farms)	1
	5 = Casual laborer (non-farm activities)	3
Household number	All people living in a household (continuous)		6.04	3.25	1	20
Goat farming experience	Goat farming experience (in years)		16.05	12.52	1	60
Farm characteristics
Experience CCPP attack	Own goats attack by CCPP disease (Dummy, 0 = No or 1 = Yes)	67
TLU	Tropical Livestock Unit (continuous)		32.35	18.87	0.1	125
Adopt CCPP vaccine	Used CCPP vaccine within 1 year (Dummy, 0 = No or 1 = Yes)	51
Institutional characteristics
Extension services	Receive extension service (Dummy, 0 = No or 1 = Yes)	23
Group membership	Mature household members belonging to a group (0 = No, 1 = Yes)	36
County (Site)	Dummy, 1 = Taita Taveta	47
	2 = Kajiado	53

For dummy response (0 = No, 1 = Yes), percentage response shown are for “Yes”

Table 3. Correlation coefficients of knowledge and awareness of CCPP disease from MPV model (Standard errors in parentheses)

	Weakness	Coughing	Nasal discharge	Respiratory distress	Open-mouth breathing
Coughing and hyperpnoea	−0.119(0.105)
Nasal discharge & fever	0.064(0.090)*	0.087(0.102)*
Respiratory distress	0.319(0.073)***	−0.047(0.104)	0.158(0.087)
Open-mouth breathing	0.107(0.087)*	0.116(0.104)	0.020(0.087)	0.158(0.092)***
Foamy salivation	0.109(0.103)	0.124(0.127)	0.048(0.112)	0.127(0.108)**	0.330(0.094)***
Likelihood ratio test of ρcoughing = ρnasal discharge = ρrespiratory discharge = ρopen-mouth = ρfoamy salivation = ρnasal discharge = ρrespiratory discharge = ρopen-mouth = ρfoamy salivation = ρrespiratory discharge = ρopen-mouth = ρfoamy salivation = ρopen-mouth = ρfoamy salivation = ρopen-mouth = 0: chi2(15) = 80.3164 Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

***, **, *, denotes 1%, 5% and 10% significance level

Table 4. Parameters of Multivariate Probit Model for estimating farmers’ awareness of CCPP disease signs and symptoms

	Dependent variables (Signs and Symptoms of CCPP disease)
Covariates	Weakness	Cough	Nasal discharge	Respiratory distress	Open-mouth breathing	Foamy salivation
Socio-economic factors
Gender	−0.137(0.183)	0.235(0.227)	0.196(0.194)	−0.329(0.188)*	−0.457(0.191)**	−0.527(0.248)**
Age	0.005(0.006)	−0.005(0.007)	−0.001(0.006)	0.008(0.006)	−0.008(0.006)	−0.003(0.007)
Education level	−0.011(0.071)	0.005(0.088)	0.212(0.076)***	0.127(0.071)*	0.021(0.073)	−0.028(0.084)
Main occupation	0.065(0.083)	0.062(0.104)	−0.090(0.084)	−0.076(0.084)	−0.261(0.093)***	−0.081(0.103)
Household size	−0.033(0.025)	0.062(0.036)*	0.027(0.028)	−0.015(0.025)	0.041(0.027)	−0.012(0.029)
Farm characteristics
Experience CCPP attack	0.340(0.166)**	0.134(0.200)	0.441(0.176)**	0.428(0.169)**	0.404(0.173)**	0.316(0.209)
TLU	0.000(0.000)	0.002(0.005)	−0.003(0.003)	0.001(0.001)	0.000(0.001)	0.000(0.000)
Adopt CCPP vaccine	−0.136(0.165)	0.199(0.200)	0.250(0.176)	0.020(0.166)	0.279(0.169)	−0.039(0.199)
Institutional characteristics
Extension services	−0.068(0.188)	−0.145(0.216)	−0.078(0.193)	0.097(0.189)	−0.465(0.198)**	−0.703(0.281)**
Group membership	0.329(0.159)**	−0.250(0.189)	−0.355(0.172)**	0.187(0.159)	0.427(0.169)**	0.287(0.194)
County (Site)	0.208(0.178)	0.163(0.225)	−1.154(0.200)***	−0.329(0.181)*	0.162(0.184)	0.304(0.220)
Constant	−0.514(0.621)	0.375(0.779)	0.592(0.642)	−0.154(0.618)	0.310(0.638)	−0.616(0.006)
Regression diagnostics for MVP model
Number of observations = 309
Log pseudo-likelihood = −991.054
Wald Chi2 (66) = 162.32, Prob > Chi2 = 0

***, ** and * indicate significance at p < 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 respectively. Standard errors in parenthesis