Candidate genes associated with economically important traits in dairy goats

Figures & data

Table 1. Candidate genes associated with milk production/yield traits of goats and their physiological functions from different goat breeds

Gene symbol	Gene name/description	Chr. no	Physiological functions and associated traits	Studied goat breeds	References
MDM1	Mdm1 nuclear protein	5	Regulating milk volume	French dairy goats	Talouarn et al. (2020)
ZNF232	Zinc finger protein 232	9
SCIMP	SLP adaptor & CSK interacting membrane protein	19
UCP2	Uncoupling protein 2	15	Regulating milk volume	Saanen & Alpine goats	Ferreira et al. (2020)
PPARG	Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	22
ACACA	Acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha	19	Associated with daily milk yield	White Shorthaired, and Brown Shorthaired dairy goats	Brzáková et al. (2021)
BTN1A1	Butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1	23
LPL	Lipoprotein lipase	8
SCD	Stearoyl-CoA desaturase	26
RPL3	Ribosomal Protein L3	5	Modulate energetic balance during lactation	Saanen goat	Zhang et al. (2018)
PRL	PROLACTIN protein	23	Involved in mammary gland tissue preparation before lactation and promotes milk production. Influence lactation performance	Alpine goat, and Liaoning cashmere goats	Le Provost et al. (1994); Wu et al. (2022)
IGF-1	Insulin-like growth factor 1	5	Control lactation milk yield	Damascus goat	Yakan et al. (2018)
CSN1S1	Casein alpha s1	6	Controlled total milk yield	Norwegian dairy goats	Dagnachew and Ådnøy (2014)
CSN2	Casein beta	6
AGPAT6	Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4	27	Related with milk yield	Xinong Saanen goat Guanzhong goat	C. He et al. (2011)
ADAMTS20	ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 20	5	Involved in the differentiation of mammary cells, thus, regulates milk yield and its proteins content in goats	Alpine, Saanen, LaMancha, Nubian, and Toggenburg goats	Kang et al. (2020)
PAPPA2	Pappalysin 2	16	Regulates milk production or yield
DCK	Deoxycytidine kinase	6	Associated with milk production	Canadian Alpine and Saanen dairy goat breeds	Massender (2022)
MOB1B	OB kinase activator 1B	6
RPL8	Ribosomal protein L8	14
GH	Growth hormone	19	Associated with milk yield	Algarvia goat breed	Malveiro et al. (2001)

Note:—Chr. no = Chromosome number

Table 2. Candidate genes associated with constitutes/composition of goat’s milk and their physiological functions from different goat breeds

Gene symbol	Gene name/description	Chr. no	Physiological functions and associated traits	Studied goat breeds	References
AGPAT6	glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4	27	biosynthesis of triglyceride (milk fat), and related to milk protein	Xinong Saanen, Guanzhong, & Alpine Damascus goat	He et al. (2011); Bagatoli et al. (2021)
PPARγ	Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	22	Control milk fat yield.		Yakan et al. (2018)
CSN1S1	casein alpha s1	6	Linked with protein content of goats’ milk	Norwegian dairy goats, Saanen goats, and Alpine goats	Dagnachew and Ådnøy (2014); Martin et al. (2017)
CSN2	casein beta	6	Regulating protein, fat, FFA, and SCC content in goats’ milk
CSN3	casein kappa	6	Regulating protein content in goats’ milk
ACACA	acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha	19	Involves in regulatory enzyme of fatty acid biosynthesis; hence, linked with milk protein, and milk fat content in goats	WSH and BSH dairy goats, and Alpine goats	Crepaldi et al. (2013); Brzáková et al. (2021)
BTN1A1	butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1	23	Regulating protein, fat, and SCS content of goats’ milk
LPL	lipoprotein lipase	8	Regulating plasma triglyceride metabolism; hence, linked with protein, and fat contents
SCD	stearoyl-CoA desaturase	26	Regulating protein, and fat content
DGAT1	Diacylglycerol O Acyltransferase 1	14	Associated with fat content of milk	Saanen and Alpine goats	Martin et al. (2017)
SLC27A6	solute carrier family 27 member 6	7	Associated with lactose content of goats milk		Bagatoli et al. (2021)
APOB	apolipoprotein B	11	Associated with lactation length, and lactose content, and somatic cell score in goats milk
AGPAT6	glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4	27	Catalyzes acylation of lysophosphatidic acid to phosphatidic acid. link with fat & protein
PRL	PROLACTIN protein	23	Involves in synthesis of lactose and regulation of protein and fat content of milk	Liaoning cashmere goats	Wu et al. (2022)
LALBA	lactalbumin alpha	5	Associated with lactose content of goats milk, and affects renneting property in milk	Sarda breed	Dettori et al. (2015)
MTHFR	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	16	Has essential role in the milk protein synthesis pathway, and has an influence on it	Xinong Saanen, and Guanzhong dairy goats	An et al. (2015)
STAT5A	signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A	19	Associate with milk yield, and fat content of goats milk	Xinong Saanen, and Guanzhong dairy goats	An et al. (2013a)
SCAP	SREBP cleavage-activating protein	22	Play a central role in the regulation of milk fat synthesis, especially, the de novo synthesis of saturated FA. Influencing the short chain saturated FA, and unsaturated FA	Sirohi goat breed	Dixit et al. (2015)
PPARGC1A	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha	6	Controlling energetic metabolism, adipogenesis and maintenance of the differentiated state. Related to FA contents of goats’ milk
OLR1	Oxidized low density lipoprotein (lectin-like) receptor 1	5	Involved in fatty acid transport and binds and degrades the oxidized form of low density lipoprotein. This gene associated with both saturated and unsaturated FA contents of milk in goats
FABP3	fatty acid binding protein 3	2	Is member of FABPs family that plays a role in fatty acid uptake, transport and metabolism; hence, linked with FA contents of goats milk like butyric and arachidic acids
PRL/prolactin	PROLACTIN protein	23	Involved in the synthesis of lactose and triacylglycerol as well as fatty acid uptake and lipogenesis; hence, influence FA contents of milk
GH	Growth hormone	19	Associated with milk protein and fat content	Algarvia Goat breed	Malveiro et al. (2001)
PAEP	progestagen-associated endometrial protein gene	11	Used to codes the β lactoglobulin precursor, whey protein in ruminants, and considered milk allergen. Associated with protein content	Saanen goat breeds	Martin et al. (2017)
ALOXE3	arachidonate lipoxygenase 3	19	Involved in metabolic pathway in formation of epidermal barrier, w/c includes, cell differentiation, cell proliferation and fat metabolism. Linked with FY, PY and SCS	Alpine, Nubia Saanen, Toggenburg, and crossbred goats	Scholtens et al. (2020)
KIF1C	kinesin family member 1C	19	Linked with FY and PY of goats’ milk

Note:—Chr. no = Chromosome number; FFA = Free fatty acids; SCC = Somatic cell count; WSH = whit shorthaired; BSH = Brown shorthaired; SCS = somatic cell score

Table 3. Candidate genes that are associated with reproductive and fertility traits, and their physiological functions from different goat breeds

Gene symbol	Gene name/description	Chr. no	Physiological functions and associated traits	Studied goat breeds	References
CDC25C	cell division cycle 25C	7	Influence the ovarian development and hence, related with litter size in goats	Shaanxi Shaanbei White Cashmere goats	Wang et al. (2020b)
ENDOG	endonuclease G	11	enriched in the coiled coil process and related with litter size
NANOS3	nanos C2HC-type zinc finger 3	7	enriched in the coiled coil process and related with litter size
PSEN2	presenilin 2	16	Associated with litter size in goats	Laoshan dairy goat	Rui-Qian et al. (2018)
GDF9	Growth differentiation factor 9	5	Associated with litter size in goats	SWCG and Jamunapari goats	Wang et al. (2018); Shaha et al. (2021)
BMP15	bone morphogenetic protein 15	X	Associated with fecundity traits in goats	Jamunapari and crossbred goats	Shaha et al. (2021)
CSN1S1	casein alpha s1	6	Associated with litter size in goats	Jamunapari and goats	Shaha et al. (2021)
KDM6A	lysine demethylase 6A	X	Associated with litter size &fertility traits	SWCG	Cui et al. (2018)
YBOX2	Y-box Binding Protein 2	19	Associated with semen volume in bucks	French dairy goats	Talouarn et al. (2020)
POU1F1	POU class 1 homeobox 1 (Pit 1)	6	Associated with litter size and growth	Chengdu Brown, Jintang Black, and Tibetan Cashmere	Guo et al. (2019)
GDF9	growth differentiation factor 9	7	Enhances primary and preantral follicular growth, and hence, associated with fecundity	Haimen, Boer, Huanghui, Markhoz, and JGG goats	He et al. (2010); Feng et al. (2011); Ghoreishi et al. (2019); Jun-jie et al. (2020)
BMP15	bone morphogenetic protein 15	X	Enhances primary and preantral follicular growth, and hence, associated with fecundity/prolificacy and high kidding rate	Haimen, Boer, Huanghui, Markhoz, JGG, and Surti goats	He et al. (2010); Ghoreishi et al. (2019); Jun-jie et al. (2020); Dangar et al. (2022)
BMPR1B	bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1B	6	Enhances primary and preantral follicular growth, and hence, associated with fecundity	Haimen, Boer, and Huanghui, and JGG goats	He et al. (2010); Jun-jie et al. (2020)
INHα	inhibin subunit alpha	2	Associated with fecundity traits in goats	Haimen, Boer, and Huanghui goats	He et al. (2010)
GnRHR	gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor	6	Linked with fecundity/ litter size through altering the concentration of LH and FSH	non-descript local goats of Sri Lanka	Ariyarathne et al. (2017)
NR6A1	nuclear receptor subfamily 6 group A member 1	11	Critically involve in embryonic development, hence, related to litter size	Dazu black goats	E et al. (2019)
STK3	serine/threonine kinase 3	14	promotes phosphorylation, and inhibit ovarian follicular development
IGF2BP2	insulin like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2	1	Associated with reproductive process and reproduction in goats
AR	androgen receptor	X	Associated with development of ovaries, ovulation rate and vitality of sperm stores in the tests. It has an effect on average litter size
HMGA2	high mobility group AT-hook 2	5	Associated with litter size
NPTX1	neuronal pentraxin 1	19
ANKRD17	ankyrin repeat domain 17	6
PPP3CA	protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit alpha	6	Involved in neurodevelopmental disease and reproduction through stimulation of cell proliferation and signaling in fetal placental artery endothelial cells
PLCB1	phospholipase C beta 1	13	Involved in reproduction and litter size in goats
KISS1	KiSS-1 metastasis suppressor (kisspeptin)	16	Associated with litter size	Xinong, Saanen, and Guanzhong goat	An et al. (2013b)
SMAD2	SMAD family member 2	24	Associated with litter size	SWCG	Wijayanti et al. (2022)
NGF	Nerve Growth Factor	3	Have a significant influence on litter size via Enhancing folliculogenesis in goats	Malabari and Attappady Black goat breeds	Naicy et al. (2016)
SLAIN1	SLAIN motif family member 1	12	Expressed at thee stem cell, and play role in the development of the nervous system and morphogenesis of several embryonic structures	Abergelle goat	Berihulay et al. (2019)
NEK1	NIMA related kinase 1	8	Implication in ciliogenesis and DNA damaged response, and has essential role in meiosis
DSCAML1	Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule-like protein 1		Linked with sperm motility and density in male and first-birth litter size in female goats	Shaanbei White-Cashmere goat	Wang et al. (2020a)
CAMK2D	calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II delta	6	Involved in protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Linked with embryo development	Begait goats	Berihulay et al. (2019)
NIN	ninein	10	Play significant roles in microtubule Stability. Linked with early embryo development
RSPH6A	radial spoke head 6 homolog A	18	Involved in acting on estrogen, which plays vital physiological functions the development and maintenance of reproductive organs linked with fertility traits
KISS1	KiSS-1 metastasis suppressor	16	Involves in the regulation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which is in turn considered as gatekeeper of pubertal development and reproductive function. The gene is associated with litter size in goats	Jining Grey goat, Black Bengal goats, and Chinese Arbas Cashmere goat (Arbas high, and Arbas low goats)	Cao et al. (2010); Maitra et al. (2014); Islam et al. (2020)
WNT10B	Wnt family member 10B	5	Used for regulating the development of reproductive systems including, ovarian follicles, ovulation and luteinization of ovarian follicular cells. Linked with fecundity traits	Chinese Arbas Cashmere goat (Arbas high, and Arbas low)	Islam et al. (2020)
SETDB2	SET domain bifurcated histone lysine methyltransferase 2	12	This gene is a histone methyltransferase that plays an important role in the early stage of luteinization. Linked with fecundity traits
PPP3CA	protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit alpha	6	Involved in regulation of cell proliferation and signaling in fetal placental artery endothelial cells. The gene linked with fecundity/litter size

Note:—Chr. no = Chromosome number; SWCG = Shaanbei white cashmere goats; JGG = Jining gray goat; Chr. Chromosome; LH = Luteinizing hormone; FSH = Follicle stimulating hormone. Chr. no = Chromosome number; SWCG = Shaanbei white cashmere goats; Chr. = Chromosome. Chr. no = Chromosome number

Table 4. Candidate genes associated with body conformation traits and their physiological functions in different goat breeds

Gene symbol	Gene name/description	Chr. no	Physiological functions and associated traits	Studied goat breeds	References
PSTPIP2	proline-serine-threonine phosphatase interacting protein 2	24	Associated with body length measurement	Dazu black goats	Gu et al. (2022)
CCL19	C-C motif chemokine ligand 19	8	Associate with cannon circumference measurement
FGF9	fibroblast growth factor 9	12
SGCG	sarcoglycan gamma	12
FIGN	fidgetin, microtubule severing factor	2
CNTFR	ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor	8
RPP25L	ribonuclease P/MRP subunit p25 like
CCL21	C-C motif chemokine ligand 21
BRINP1	BMP/retinoic acid inducible neural specific 1
CDK5RAP2	CDK5 regulatory subunit associated protein 2
CBLN4	cerebellin 4 precursor	13	Associated with chest depth measurements
CDH9	cadherin	20
CDKAL1	CDK5 regulatory subunit associated protein 1 like 1	23
SOX4	SRY-box transcription factor 4	23
EDEM1	ER degradation enhancing alpha-mannosidase like protein 1	22
SIRT3	Sirtuin3	29	Associate with body conformation and growth traits	Malabari &Attappady Black goats	Silpa et al. (2020)
PRL	PROLACTIN protein	23	Associated with body size, body height, sacral height, chest width, hip bone width, shin circumference and waist height	Liaoning cashmere goats	Wu et al. (2022)
PRLR	prolactin receptor	20
LPGAT1	lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase 1	16	Linked with MSL, TD, TP, UD traits	Murciano-Granadina goats	Luigi-sierra et al. (2020)
ATF3	Activating transcription factor 3	16	Modulate the synthesis of collagen I & II, and linked with MSL trait
PTH1R	parathyroid hormone 1 receptor	22	Acts as receptor for PTH & THrP, regulate ion homeostasis. is linked with goats ANG
APOB	apolipoprotein B	11	Associate with WH, RH, and BL traits	Karachai goats	Easa et al. (2022)
PTPRK	protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type K	9	Related to chest perimeter
ADAMTS14	ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 14	28	Encode a procollagen N-proteinase, and associated with MSL of goats	Murciano-Granadina goats	Luigi-sierra et al. (2020)
WNT5A	Wnt family member 5A	22	Regulates planar cell polarity signaling during embryonic development, and linked with BD
CDH11	cadherin 11	18	Modulates postnatal bone growth and osteoblast differentiation. It is liked with RW
EPHA3	EPH receptor A3	1	Essential modulators of bone remodeling, ensure adequate coupling b/n bone resorption and formation. Linked with ANG trait
PIEZO2	piezo type mechanosensitive ion channel component 2	24	Involved in the etiology of digital arthrogryposis. This gene is linked with RLRV
SOCS7	suppressor of cytokine signaling 7	19	Inhibits prolactin, growth hormone, and leptin signaling. The gene also regulates mammary gland physiology. It is linked with TP
SPATA4	spermatogenesis-associated 4 gene	27	Involved in promoting osteoblast differentiation, and linked with RA
DNAH14	dynein axonemal heavy chain 14	16	Encodes an axonemal dynein heavy chain. Mutations in dynein genes can cause skeletal ciliopathies. It is linked with height (HT)
ECEL1	endothelin converting enzyme like 1		Regulating the neuropeptide and peptide hormone activity, and linked with MOT traits
ASGR2	asialoglycoprotein receptor 2	19	Involved in regulation of protein stability and lipid homeostasis, and hence, linked with UA	Mixed dairy goat breeds (composite of Saanen,	Mucha et al. (2018)
ALOXE3	arachidonate lipoxygenase 3	19	Involve in fat metabolism, cell differentiation, and proliferation. Associated with UD	Toggenburg, and Alpine goats)
ARHGEF15	Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 15	19	Encodes a protein annotated to be regulating stress fiber assembly. Linked with front legs
BCAR1	breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance1	18	Associated with chest width	Karachai goats	Easa et al. (2022)
AOAH	acyloxyacyl hydrolase	4	Associated with withers height and rump height
ASAH1	N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 1	27	Associated with rump height and body length

Note:—Chr. no = Chromosome number; MSL = medial suspensory ligament; TD = teat diameter; TP = teat placement; UD = udder depth; ANG = Angularity; PTH = parathyroid hormone; PTHrP = parathyroid-related peptide; WH = wither height; RH = rump height; BL = body length

Note:—Chr. no = Chromosome number; UA = Udder attachment; RW = Rump width; RA = Rump angle; BD = Body depth; MSL = medial suspensory ligament; TD = teat diameter; TP = teat placement; UD = udder depth; MOT = Mobility; RLRV = Rear legs rear view; ANG = Angularity; PTH = parathyroid hormone; PTHrP = parathyroid-related peptide

Table 5. Candidate genes associated with environmental adaptations and their physiological functions from different breeds of goats

Gene symbol		Gene name/ description	Chr. no	Physiological function and associated traits	Studied goat breeds	References
LEPR		Leptin receptor	3	Associated with high-altitude and fitness traits	Tibetan goats	Jin et al. (2020)
LDB1		LIM domain binding 1	26	Associated with high-altitude adaptation
FGF2		Fibroblast growth factor 2	17
EGFR		Epidermal growth factor receptor	22
ADCY4		Adenylate cyclase 4	10	Involved in the regulation of the oxytocin and adrenergic signaling pathway, and insulin secretion	Cashmere goat	Li et al. (2017)
OXTR		oxytocin receptor	22	Involved in oxytocin signaling pathway, functionally related to skin development, fat metabolism, and ion homeostasis
ROCK1		Rho-associated protein kinase 1	24
ACNA1C		Calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C	5
SLC24A4		Sodium/Potassium/Calcium Exchanger 4	21	Plays a role in hypoxia-related cellular responses
CACNA2D1		Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, alpha2/delta subunit 1	4	Involved in the renin secretion pathway
AGT		Angiotensinogen.	28
PTGER2		Prostaglandin E receptor 2	10
FGF2		Fibroblast growth factor 2	17	Influenced traits of adaptation to hot evn’t. through thermo-tolerance	Egyptian Barki goats	Kim et al. (2016)
GNAI3		G protein subunit alpha i3	3
PLCB1		Phospholipase C beta 1	13
MYH		mutY like protein	X	Involve in energy and digestive metabolism, and indirectly influenced adaptation to hot arid evn’t.
TRHDE		Thyrotropin releasing hormone degrading enzyme	5
ALDH1A3		Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A3	21
EPAS1		Endothelial PAS domain protein 1	11	Associated with high-altitude adaptation	Tibetan Cashmere goats	Guo et al. (2019)
KITLG		KIT ligand	5
DSG3		Desmoglein 3	24
RXFP2		Relaxin family peptide receptor 2	12
SOX6		SRY-box transcription factor 6	15
GMEB2		Glucocorticoid modulatory element binding protein 2	13	Associated with adaptation to different ecological environments	Nubian goats	Tarekegn et al. (2021)
ZBTB46		Zinc finger and BTB domain containing 46	13	Associated with adaptation to different ecological environments	Nubian goats	Tarekegn et al. (2021)
ARFRP1		ADP ribosylation factor related protein 1	13
STMN3		Stathmin 3	13
PCK1		Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1	13	Associated with arid environment adaptations
CTCFL		CCCTC-binding factor like	13
SPO11		SPO11 initiator of meiotic double stranded breaks	13
BMP7		Bone morphogenetic protein 7	13
PLAGL2		PLAG1 like zinc finger 2	13	Associated with adaptation to oxidative stress
SR XN1		Sulfiredoxin 1	13
TDRD7		Tudor domain containing 7	8	Associated with mitochondrial homeostasis
CDK2		Cyclin-dependent kinase 2	5	Involved in hypoxia-induced apoptosis in Cardiomyocytes. Associated with high altitude adaptations	Tibetan goats	Wang et al. (2016)
SOCS2		Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2	5	Associated with high altitude adaptation
NOXA1		NADPH oxidase activator 1	11	Used to activate NOX1. Associated with high altitude adaption
ENPEP		Glutamyl aminopeptidase	6	Associated with high altitude adaptation
KITLG		KIT ligand	5	A coat color gene, associated with white colors
FGF5		Fibroblast growth factor 5	6	Involved in controlling of hair length in mammals. Associated with high altitude adaptation
HOXC13		Homeobox C13	5	Hair follicle differentiation, growth, and development by regulating the keratin differentiation-specific genes	Ugandan Sebei goats	Onzima et al. (2018)
PPP1R36		Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 36	10	Involved in tropical adaptation like thermo-tolerance and immune response	Ugandan Mubende goats
HSPA2		Heat shock protein A2	10
KPNA4		Karyopherin subunit alpha 4	1		Ugandan Karamojong goats
MTOR		Mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	16

Note:—Chr. no = Chromosome number

Table 6. Candidate genes that are associated with disease resistance potential and their physiological functions from different goat breeds

Gene symbol	Gene name/description	Chr. no	Physiological function and associated traits	Studied goat breeds	References
LTF	Lactoferrin	22	Inhibits proinflammatory cytokines. Liked with Mastitis resistance somatic cell count	Damascus goat	Yakan et al. (2018)
ATP2A3	ATPase sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transporting 3	19	Associated with fecal egg count (FEC)	Yichang White (YCW), Nanjiang Yellow (NJY), and their cross with Enshi Black goats (ESB)	Alam et al. (2019)
HSPA8	Heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 8	15	Associated with fecal egg count (FEC) and involve in the resistance of Haemonchus contortus
ESYT1	Extended synaptotagmin 1	5
SERPING1	Serpin family G member 1	15
GRIA1	Glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 1	7	Involved in nervous and autoimmune response	Egyptian Barki goats	Kim et al. (2016)
IL2	Interleukin 2	17	Involved in cytokine receptors that participate in host defense mechanisms, including immune and inflammatory responses. Associate with the nervous and autoimmune response
IL7	Interleukin 7	14
IL21	Interleukin 21	17
IL1R1	Interleukin 1 receptor type 1	11
IRF4	Interferon regulatory factors	23	Hampers PPR virus replication	India native goats	Manjunath et al. (2015)
IRF5		23
TRIM56	Tripartite motif protein	25	Hampers PPR virus replication, and involved in the restriction of bovine viral diarrhea
PPP4R3B	Protein phosphatase 4 regulatory subunit 3B	11	Involved in gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism. Related with Metabolic syndrome (MetS)	Abergelle goats	Berihulay et al. (2019)
PNPT1	Polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase 1	11	Implicated with multiple metabolic RNA processing-related genes
RARA	Retinoic acid receptor alpha	19	Regulates the expression of target genes conditioned mastitis resistance, and is involved in various biological processes. Associated with response to intramammary infections	French dairy goats (Saanen and Alpine breeds)	Martin et al. (2018)
STAT3	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	19	Belongs to the Janus kinase signaling pathway. Influence response to intramammary infection	French dairy goats (Saanen breed)
DGKB	Diacylglycerol kinase beta	14	Regulating innate and adaptive immunity	Small East African	Onzima et al. (2018)
IL10RB	Interleukin 10 receptor subunit beta	1	Involved in type III Interferon Signaling Pathway, and enhance immunity	Kigezi goats
IFNLR1	Interferon lambda receptor 1	1

Note:—Chr. no = Chromosome number

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