Determinants of Nepalese hog plum (Choerospondias axillaris Roxb.) production in Sindhupalchok, Nepal

Figures & data

Table 1. Landholding, number of trees, production, and production per tree

Variable	Chautara (n = 50)	Indrawati (n = 50)	Melamchi (n = 50)	Overall mean (N = 150)	F value
Total landholding (Ropani)	6.88 (0.35 ha)	7.54 (0.38 ha)	7.68 (0.39 ha)	7.37 (0.37 ha)	0.490
No of Tree	5.20	3.88	3.54	4.21	1.441
Productions (Kg)	627.80	431.28	397.88	485.65	5.687***
Production per tree (Kg/Tree)	115.28	106.15	107.33	109.59	6.124***

*** indicates 1% level of significance, Figures in parenthesis denotes hectares, ha: hectares

Table 2. Household income, Lapsi income and Lapsi income by geographical area category

Variable	Chautara (n = 50)	Indrawati (n = 50)	Melamchi (n = 50)	Overall mean (N = 150)	F value
Household income (NRs.)	287,895.00 (2399.125)	231,530.40 (1929.42)	234,670.00 (1955.58)	251,365.13 (2094.71)	1.641
Income from Lapsi (NRs.)	12,379.00 (103.15)	16,684.40 (139.03)	5004.00 (41.7)	11,355.80 (94.63)	12.977***
Income per tree from lapsi (NRs.)	2188.50 (18.23)	3732.02 (31.10)	1265.65 (10.55)	2395.38 (19.96)	30.881***
Livestock Standard Unit (LSU)	1.6917	1.6634	1.6390	1.6647	0.028

*** indicates 1% level of significance, figures in parenthesis indicates United States Dollars (USD), LSU is Livestock Standard Unit, 1 cattle/buffalo = 0.9 LSU, 1 goat/sheep = 0.1 LSU, 1 poultry = 0.015 LSU and 1 horse = 0.8 LSU

Table 3. Farm gate volume and price by geographical area

Variable	Chautara (n = 40)	Indrawati (n = 23)	Melamchi (n = 50)	Overall mean (N = 113)	F value
Fresh Lapsi
Farm gate Lapsi (Volume, kg)	415.50	221.30	369.90	355.80	3.093**
Farm gate Lapsi (Price, NRs.)	17.95 (0.15)	17.61 (0.15)	11.80 (0.10)	15.16 (0.13)	80.413***
Mada	Chautara (n = 3)	Indrawati (n = 30)	Melamchi (n = 0)	Overall mean (N = 33)	F value
Farm Gate Mada (Volume, kg)	91.67	112.47		110.58	0.244
Farm Gate Mada (Price, NRs.)	233.33 (1.94)	213.33 (1.78)		215.15 (1.79)	13.349***
Seed	Chautara (n = 1)	Indrawati (n = 20)	Melamchi (n = 0)	Overall mean (N = 21)	F value
Farm Gate Seed (Volume, kg)	60.00	144.50		140.48	1.997
Farm Gate Seed (Price, NRs.)	5 (0.04)	5.65 (0.047)		5.62 (0.046)	1.167

*** and **represent 1% and 5% levels of significance respectively, figures in parenthesis represents USD

Table 4. Marketing by volume and price in different geographical area

Variable	Chautara (n = 2)	Indrawati (n = 1)	Melamchi (n = 0)	Overall mean (N = 3)
Consumers (Fresh Lapsi)
Volume, kg	7.50	5.00		6.67
Price, NRs.	22.50 (0.187)	20.00 (0.16)		21.67 (0.18)
Local traders (Fresh Lapsi)	Chautara (n = 40)	Indrawati (n = 23)	Melamchi (n = 0)	Overall mean (N = 63)
Volume, kg	415.13	221.08		344.28
Price, NRs.	17.95 (0.15)	17.82 (0.15)		17.90 (0.15)
Local traders (Mada)	Chautara (n = 3)	Indrawati (n = 30)	Melamchi (n = 0)	Overall mean (N = 33)
Volume, kg	91.67	112.47		110.58
Price, NRs.	233.33 (1.94)	213.33 (1.77)		215.15 (1.79)
Middlemen (Fresh Lapsi)	Chautara (n = 3)	Indrawati (n = 0)	Melamchi (n = 50)	Overall mean (N = 53)
Volume, kg	423.33		369.90	372.92
Price, NRs.	18.33 (0.15)		11.80 (0.10)	12.17 (0.10)

Figures in parenthesis represents USD, 1 USD = 120NRs.

Table 5. Price setting and price satisfaction by geographical area category

Variable	Chautara (n = 50)	Indrawati (n = 50)	Melamchi (n = 50)	Total (N = 150)	Chi square value
Who sets price?
Farmers themselves	4 (8)	3 (6)	0 (0)	7 (4.7)	3.896
Traders	46 (92)	47 (94)	50 (100)	143 (95.3)
Price satisfaction?
Satisfied	47 (94)	42 (84)	41 (82)	130 (86.7)	4.977
Neutral	0 (0)	4 (8)	4 (8)	8 (5.3)
Dissatisfied	3 (6)	4 (8)	5 (10)	12 (8)

Value in parentheses indicate percentage

Table 6. Market margin and producer’s share by geographical area

Place	Market Margin (NRs/kg)	Producer’s share (%)
Chautara	38.11 (0.32)	32.03
Indrawati	38.43 (0.32)	31.42
Melamchi	44.96 (0.37)	21.05
Average	40.88 (0.34)	27.05

Figures in parenthesis indicate the values in United States Dollar

Table 7. Social characteristics of households by geographical area category

	Chautara (n = 50)	Indrawati (n = 50)	Melamchi (n = 50)	Total (N = 150)	Chi square value
Training received	13 (26)	23 (46)	11 (22)	47 (31.3)	7.684**
Access to credit/finance	34 (68)	38 (76)	35 (70)	107 (71.3)	0.848
Membership status in social group or organization	42 (84)	34 (68)	38 (76)	114 (76)	3.509
Knowledge about agri-insurance	44 (88)	40 (80)	38 (76)	122 (81.3)	2.459

Figures in parentheses indicate percentage, **represents 5% level of significance

Table 8. House type, electricity access, cooking system, decision, climate change effect and interested in extending by geographical area category

Variable	Chautara (n = 50)	Indrawati (n = 50)	Melamchi (n = 50)	Total (N = 150)	Chi square value
House Type
Traditional Mud House	23 (46)	29 (58)	28 56)	80 (53.3)	1.661
Cemented Modern House	27 (54)	21 (42)	22 (44)	70 (46.7)
Electricity Access	50 (100)	50 (100)	50 (100)	150 (100)
Cooking System
Gas	8 (16)	7 (14)	4 (8)	19 (12.7)	2.549
Firehood	7 (14)	11 (22)	10 (20)	28 (18.7)
Both	35 (70)	32 (64)	36 (72)	103 (68.7)
Decision Maker of household
Male	20 (40)	18 (36)	19 (38)	57 (38)	1.464
Female	10 (20)	7 (14)	7 (14)	24 (16)
Both	20 (40)	25 (50)	24 (48)	69 (46)
Climate Change Effect	15 (30)	14 (28)	13 (26)	42 (28)	0.198
Interested in extending business	36 (72)	31 (62)	21 (42)	88 (58.7)	9.622***

Figures in parentheses indicate percentage, *** represents the 1% level of significance.

Table 9. Variable cost per tree, total cost per tree, variable cost per production, total cost per production and benefit cost ratio by geographical area category

Variable	Chautara (n = 50)	Indrawati (n = 50)	Melamchi (n = 50)	Overall mean (N = 150)	F value
Variable cost per tree	600.34 (5.00)	472.81 (3.94)	497.49 (4.15)	523.54 (4.36)	13.561***
Total cost per tree	608.54 (5.07)	480.75 (4.00)	505.73 (4.21)	531.67 (4.43)	13.269***
Variable cost per production	5.31 (0.04)	4.68 (0.039)	4.80 (0.04)	4.93 (0.04)	3.961**
Total cost per production	5.38 (0.04)	4.76 (0.039)	4.89 (0.04)	5.00 (0.04)	3.856**
Benefit Cost ratio (including Mada at HH level)	3.16	2.82	2.38	2.79	10.16***

Note: *** and ** represent the 1% and 5% levels of significance respectively, Figures in parenthesis represents USD

Table 10. Lapsi production problem by geographical area category

Problems	Chautara (n = 50)		Indrawati (n = 50)			Melamchi (n = 50)			Sindhupalchok (N = 150)
	Index	Rank	Index		Rank	Index		Rank	Index	Rank
Non-bearing fruit	0.928	I	0.836		I	0.908		I	0.89	I
Lack of improved Production technology	0.728	II	0.804		II	0.7		II	0.74	II
High labor cost	0.632	III	0.32		IV	0.44		IV	0.46	IV
Low production	0.364	IV	0.752		III	0.544		III	0.55	III
Lack Financial support	0.348	V	0.288		V	0.408		V	0.34	V

Note: Problems were ranked from 1 to 0.2 in 5-point scale based on severity (1 = very highly severe, 0.8 = highly severe, 0.6 = moderately severe, 0.4 = less severe, 0.2 = very less severe) identified on household survey.

Table 11. Marketing-related problems of Lapsi by geographical area category

Problems	Chautara (n = 50)	Indrawati (n = 50)		Melamchi (n = 50)		Sindhupalchok (N = 150)
	Index Rank	Index Rank		Index Rank		Index	Rank
Low bargaining capacity	0.904 I	0.852	I	0.884	I	0.88	I
Lack of market and collection center	0.736 II	0.352	IV	0.544	III	0.544	III
Low selling price	0.604 III	0.776	II	0.712	II	0.697333	II
Transportation problem	0.384 IV	0.724	III	0.444	IV	0.517333	IV
Certification problem	0.372 V	0.296	V	0.416	V	0.361333	V

Marketing problems were ranked from 1 to 0.2 in 5-point scale based on severity (1 = very highly severe, 0.8 = highly severe, 0.6 = moderately severe, 0.4 = less severe, 0.2 = very less severe) identified on household survey.

Table 12. Determinants of income from Lapsi in study area using income function model

Variables	Coefficients	Standard Error	t value	p > |t|
Age of HHH (years)	−0.002	0.005	−0.45	0.656
Gender^a	−0.321**	0.143	−2.250	0.026
Family type^a	−0.195	0.158	−1.24	0.218
Sorting^a	0.026	0.134	0.200	0.843
Mada^a	1.289***	0.163	7.870	0.000
Training^a	0.103	0.140	0.730	0.465
Attitude towards Lapsi business^a	0.399***	0.113	3.500	0.001
Female number in a family	0.026	0.068	0.390	0.697
Members involved in a Lapsi production	0.147*	0.076	1.940	0.055
No of literate member in a family	0.098***	0.035	2.780	0.006
Decision^a	0.360***	0.120	3.000	0.003
Ethinicity^a	0.208	0.141	1.480	0.142
Type of House	0.237*	0.134	1.770	0.080
Experience of Lapsi farming (years)	0.081***	0.015	5.130	0.000
Constant	6.909***	0.394	17.510	0.000
Observation	150
F (14,135)	20.93***
R^2	0.6845
Adj. R^2	0.652

HHH: Household head, ***, ** and * represent the 1%, 5% and 10% levels of significance, respectively.““a”” indicate dummy variable, R²: Coefficient of determination, t: hypothesis test statistic, p: probability value