Determination of levels of organochlorine pesticide residues in some common grown and consumed vegetables purchased from Ho Municipal markets, Ghana

Figures & data

Figure 1. District map of Ho Municipal showing the sampling sites. Source: 2010 population and housing census, District analytical report, (Ho Municipality) (Ghana Statistical Service GSS, 2010).

Table 1. Mean concentration levels (mg/kg) of OCPs residue of selected vegetables. Values are means of 3 replicates (n = 3) with standard errors (±SE). Values showing the same letters indicate no significant differences in the vegetables within same OCPs residue at p ≤ 0.01

Vegetable	γ-HCH	δ-HCH	Heptachlor	Aldrin	p, p’-DDT	o, p’-DDT	p, p’-DDE
Cabbage	0.012 ± 0.012b	0.23 ± 0.067a	1.05 ± 0.402 a	0.90 ± 0.213 b	0.741 ± 0.103b	0.055 ± 0.055a	0.034 ± 0.034c
Carrot	ND	0.19 ± 0.044 b	0.55 ± 0.101b	0.58 ± 0.075c	0.517 ± 0.120 c	ND	0.055 ± 0.055b
Lettuce	0.013 ± 0.013a	0.15 ± 0.009c	0.38 ± 0.127c	1.23 ± 0.687a	0.193 ± 0.102 d	ND	0.056 ± 0.056b
Tomatoes	ND	0.07 ± 0.00d	0.08 ± 0.042d	0.39 ± 0.031d	1.194 ± 0.609 a	ND	0.147 ± 0.088a
MRL	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.05	0.05	0.05
LSD	0.0004	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.039	0.005	0.017

Note: ND=Not Detected

Table 2. The level of OCPs mean concentrations (mg/kg) of vegetables selected from different markets in Ho Municipal. Values are means of 4 replicates (n = 4) with standard errors (±SE). Values showing the same letters indicate no significant differences in the market within same OCPs residue at p ≤ 0.01

Market	γ-HCH	δ-HCH	Heptachlor	Aldrin	p, p’-DDT	o, p’-DDT	p, p’-DDE
Ho central	ND	0.1675 ± 0.06b	0.765 ± 0.374a	0.82 ± 0.195 b	1.085 ± 0.467a	ND	0.07625 ± 0.076a
Ho Dome	0.00875 ± 0.009b	0.185 ± 0.044a	0.40 ± 0.162b	0.4975 ± 0.131c	0.412 ± 0.142c	0.042 ± 0.0415a	0.06675 ± 0.041a
Shia	0.010 ± 0.01a	0.13 ± 0.029c	0.37 ± 0.138c	1.01 ± 0.515 a	0.487 ± 0.083b	ND	0.07575 ± 0.044a
MRL	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.05	0.05	0.05
LSD	0.0004	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.034	0.004	0.015

Note: ND=Not Detected

Table 3. Interaction effect of market and vegetable type on the mean concentration levels (mg/kg) of OCPs residue. Values are means of 3 biological replicates (n = 3) with standard errors (±SE). Values showing the same letters indicate no significant differences in the interaction between vegetables and market within same OCPs residue at p ≤ 0.01

Markets * Vegetable	γ-HCH	δ-HCH	Heptachlor	Aldrin	p, p’-DDT	o, p’-DDT	p, p’-DDE
Ho central cabbage	ND	0.34 ± 0.015 a	1.85 ± 0.010 a	1.28 ± 0.021 b	0.948 ± 0.007b	ND	ND
Ho central carrot	ND	0.11 ± 0.012 f	0.53 ± 0.012d	0.71 ± 0.006 e	0.747 ± 0.008c	ND	ND
Ho central lettuce	ND	0.15 ± 0.01de	0.55 ± 0.006d	0.93 ± 0.025 c	0.234 ± 0.011 h	ND	ND
Ho central Tomatoes	ND	0.07 ± 0.006 g	0.13 ± 0.021 g	0.35 ± 0.01 h	2.410 ± 0.040a	ND	0.305 ± 0.001a
Ho Dome cabbage	0.035 ± 0.002 b	0.25 ± 0.000 b	0.63 ± 0.025c	0.86 ± 0.01d	0.646 ± 0.006d	0.166 ± 0.002 a	0.101 ± 9.81E-18d
Ho Dome carrot	ND	0.26 ± 0.010 b	0.73 ± 0.01b	0.45 ± 0.01 g	0.463 ± 0.001f	ND	0.166 ± 0.0006bc
Ho Dome lettuce	ND	0.16 ± 0.006d	0.13 ± 0.00 g	0.23 ± 0.00i	ND	ND	ND
Ho Dome Tomatoes	ND	0.07 ± 0.000 g	0.12 ± 0.006 g	0.45 ± 0.012 g	0.538 ± 0.001e	ND	ND
Shia cabbage	ND	0.11 ± 0.015 f	0.66 ± 0.006c	0.55 ± 0.00f	0.628 ± 0.006d	ND	ND
Shia carrot	ND	0.21 ± 0.015 c	0.38 ± 0.006f	0.58 ± 0.015f	0.341 ± 0.006 g	ND	ND
Shia lettuce	0.040 ± 0.001a	0.13 ± 0.006 e f	0.45 ± 0.012 e	2.55 ± 0.006a	0.345 ± 0.00 g	ND	0.167 ± 0.003b
Shia Tomatoes	ND	0.07 ± 0.006 g	ND	0.37 ± 0.01 h	0.634 ± 0.002d	ND	0.136 ± 0.002c
MRL	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.05	0.05	0.05
LSD	0.0003	0.03	0.04	0.06	0.067	0.008	0.029

Note: ND=Not Detected

Table 4. Mean concentration (mg/kg) of OCP residues in the present study compared with other studies

Vegetable	Location	Country	γ-HCH	δ-HCH	Heptachlor	Aldrin	p, p’-DDT	o, p’-DDT	p, p’-DDE	Reference
	Ho Municipal	Ghana	0.012 ± 0.012	0.23 ± 0.067	1.05 ± 0.402	0.90 ± 0.213	0.741 ± 0.103	0.055 ± 0.055	0.034 ± 0.034	This study
	Local markets	Ghana	0.100 ± 0.004			<LOD	0.032 ± 0.010		0.008 ± 0.004	(C. Bempah et al., 2012)
Cabbage	Ayigya	Ghana	0.00140 ± 0.41	0.00150 ± 1.81			0.00567 ± 0.44			(Bolor et al., 2018)
	Gyenyase	Ghana		0.01241 ± 0.14			0.00034 ± 0.02			(Bolor et al., 2018)
	Kentinkrono	Ghana		0.00953 ± 0.28			0.03173 ± 0.07			(Bolor et al., 2018)
	Anglican Hostel	Ghana		0.00791 ± 0.02			0.01029 ± 0.07			(Bolor et al., 2018)
		Togo	<0.000001	0.000507 ± 0.079	0.000007 ± 0.002	0.000177 ± 0.010	0.000190 ± 0.000	0.000001 ± 0.000	0.000215 ± 0.021	(Kolani et al., 2016)
Carrot	Ho Municipal	Ghana	ND	0.19 ± 0.044	0.55 ± 0.101	0.58 ± 0.075	0.517 ± 0.120	NF	0.055 ± 0.055	This study
	Local markets	Ghana	<LOD			0.010 ± 0.021	0.004 ± 0.002		<LOD	(C. Bempah et al., 2012)
	Ho Municipal	Ghana	0.013 ± 0.013	0.15 ± 0.009	0.38 ± 0.127	1.23 ± 0.687	0.193 ± 0.102	NF	0.056 ± 0.056	This study
	Local markets	Ghana	0.006 ± 0.002			0.008 ± 0.004	0.020 ± 0.002			(C. Bempah et al., 2012)
	Ayigya	Ghana	0.00954 ± 0.02		0.00229 ± 0.14	0.02266 ± 0.15	0.00934 ± 0.22			(Bolor et al., 2018)
Lettuce	Gyenyase	Ghana	0.00519 ± 0.01		0.00230 ± 0.14	0.01558 ± 0.28	0.00509 ± 3.53			(Bolor et al., 2018)
	Nsenie	Ghana			0.00020 ± 0.01	0.02150 ± 0.42	0.01150 ± 4.38			(Bolor et al., 2018)
	Kentinkrono	Ghana	0.00716 ± 0.14		0.00108 ± 0.14	0.02392 ± 0.28	0.00451 ± 0.83			(Bolor et al., 2018)
	Anglican Hostel	Ghana	0.01682 ± 4.80	0.00523 ± 0.09		0.02178 ± 1.19	0.00220 ± 0.02			(Bolor et al., 2018)
		Togo	0.000017 ± 0.008	0.000201 ± 0.019	0.000032 ± 0.031	0.000262 ± 0.022	0.000232 ± 0.1	<0.000001	0.000081 ± 0.047	(Kolani et al., 2016)
	Ho Municipal	Ghana	ND	0.07 ± 0.00	0.08 ± 0.042	0.39 ± 0.031	1.194 ± 0.609	ND	0.147 ± 0.088	This study
	Accra Metropolis	Ghana	0.02	0.02	0.02	ND	0.01	ND	<0.01	(C. K. Bempah & Donkor, 2011)
Tomatoes	Accra Metropolis	Ghana	<0.01–0.02	0.01–0.02	0.01–0.02		<0.01–0.01			(C. K. Bempah et al., 2011)
	Local markets	Ghana	0.008 ± 0.002			<LOD	0.012 ± 0.006			(C. Bempah et al., 2012)
	Akumadan	Ghana	<0.0025						<0.0001	(Ntow, 2001)
		Togo	0.000002 ± 0.000	0.000089 ± 0.010	<0.000001	0.000166 ± 0.010	0.000165 ± 0.021	<0.000001	0.000080 ± 0.010	(Kolani et al., 2016)
Cucumber	Local markets	Ghana	<LOD			<LOD	0.009 ± 0.003			(continued on next page) (C. Bempah et al., 2012)
	Benin City	Nigeria	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00		0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00			(Atuanya & Onuoha, 2018)
	Local markets	Ghana	0.019 ± 0.002			0.006 ± 0.002	0.035 ± 0.005			(C. Bempah et al., 2012)
	Ayigya	Ghana		0.00078 ± 0.23						(Bolor et al., 2018)
Onion	Gyenyase	Ghana				0.00788 ± 0.27	4.42 ± 0.54			(Bolor et al., 2018)
	Nsenie	Ghana			0.00090 ± 0.14	0.00549 ± 0.14				(Bolor et al., 2018)
	Anglican Hostel	Ghana					4.49 ± 1.45			(Bolor et al., 2018)
	Benin City	Nigeria	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00		0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00			(Atuanya & Onuoha, 2018)
Watermelon	Benin City	Nigeria	0.0002 ± 0.00							(Atuanya & Onuoha, 2018)
Amaranths	South West	Nigeria			0.052 ± 0.025	0.509 ± 0.133				(Adeleye et al., 2019)
Fluted Pumpkin	South West	Nigeria			0.323 ± 0.048	0.391 ± 0.065				(Adeleye et al., 2019)
Leafy vegetables	Local farms	Qatar			7000 ± 7.93	2780 ± 3.08				(Elobeid et al., 2021)
Fruiting vegetables	Local farms	Qatar			3430 ± 4.11	920 ± 2.16				(Elobeid et al., 2021)

Note: ND—not detected; <LOD—below limit of detection

Table 5. Health risk estimation for OCP residues detected in vegetables from Ho Municipal

Sample	Pesticide	Mean ± SE (mg/kg)	ADI (mg/kg)	EDI (mg/kg)		HI	HR
	γ-HCH	0.012 ± 0.012	3 × 10^−3	2.74 × 10^−8	Adult	9.13 × 10^−6	No
				1.64 × 10^−7	Child	5.48 × 10^−5	No
	δ-HCH	0.23 ± 0.067	3 × 10^−3	5.25 × 10^−7	Adult	1.75 × 10^−4	No
				3.15 × 10^−6	Child	1.05 × 10^−3	No
	Heptachlor	1.05 ± 0.402	0.1 × 10^−3	2.40 × 10^−6	Adult	2.4 × 10^−2	No
Cabbage				1.44 × 10^−5	Child	1.44 × 10^−1	No
	Aldrin	0.90 ± 0.213	0.2 × 10^−3	2.06 × 10^−6	Adult	1.03 × 10^−2	No
				1.23 × 10^−5	Child	6.15 × 10^−2	No
	p, p’-DDT	0.741 ± 0.103	20 × 10^−3	1.69 × 10^−6	Adult	8.45 × 10^−5	No
				1.02 × 10^−5	Child	5.1 × 10^−4	No
	o, p’-DDT	0.055 ± 0.055	20 × 10^−3	1.26 × 10^−7	Adult	6.3 × 10^−6	No
				7.54 × 10^−7	Child	3.77 × 10^−6	No
	p, p’-DDE	0.034 ± 0.03	20 × 10–3	7.76 × 10^−8	Adult	3.88 × 10^−6	No
				4.66 × 10^−7	Child	2.33 × 10^−5	No
	δ-HCH	0.19 ± 0.044	3 × 10^−3	4.33 × 10^−7	Adult	1.44 × 10^−4	No
				2.60 × 10^−6	Child	8.67 × 10^−4	No
	Heptachlor	0.55 ± 0.101	0.1 × 10^−3	1.26 × 10^−6	Adult	1.26 × 10^−2	No
				7.54 × 10^−6	Child	7.54 × 10^−2	No
Carrot	Aldrin	0.58 ± 0.075	0.2 × 10^−3	4.57 × 10^−7	Adult	2.29 × 10^−3	No
				2.74 × 10^−6	Child	1.37 × 10^−2	No
	p, p’-DDT	0.517 ± 0.120	20 × 10^−3	1.18 × 10^−6	Adult	5.9 × 10^−5	No
				7.08 × 10^−6	Child	3.54 × 10^−4	No
	p, p’-DDE	0.055 ± 0.055	20 × 10^−3	1.26 × 10^−7	Adult	6.3 × 10^−6	No
				7.54 × 10^−7	Child	3.77 × 10^−6	No
	γ-HCH	0.013 ± 0.013	3 × 10^−3	2.97 × 10^−8	Adult	9.89 × 10^−6	No
				1.78 × 10^−7	Child	5.93 × 10^−5	No
	δ-HCH	0.15 ± 0.009	3 × 10^−3	3.43 × 10^−7	Adult	1.14 × 10^−4	No
				2.06 × 10^−6	Child	6.87 × 10^−4	No
Lettuce	Heptachlor	0.38 ± 0.127	0.1 × 10^−3	8.68 × 10^−7	Adult	8.68 × 10^−3	No
				5.21 × 10^−6	Child	5.21 × 10^−2	No
	Aldrin	1.23 ± 0.687	0.2 × 10^−3	2.81 × 10^−6	Adult	1.41 × 10^−2	No
				1.69 × 10^−5	Child	8.45 × 10^−2	No
	p, p’-DDT	0.193 ± 0.102	20 × 10^−3	4.41 × 10^−7	Adult	2.21 × 10^−5	No
				2.64 × 10^−6	Child	1.32 × 10^−4	No
	p, p’-DDE	0.056 ± 0.056	20 × 10^−3	1.28 × 10^−7	Adult	6.4 × 10^−6	No
				7.67 × 10^−7	Child	3.84 × 10^−5	No
	δ-HCH	0.07 ± 0.00	3 × 10^−3	1.60 × 10^−7	Adult	5.33 × 10^−5	No
				9.59 × 10^−7	Child	3.20 × 10^−4	No
	Heptachlor	0.08 ± 0.042	0.1 × 10^−3	1.83 × 10^−7	Adult	1.83 × 10^−3	No
				1.1 × 10^−6	Child	11 × 10^−3	No
Tomatoes	Aldrin	0.39 ± 0.031	0.2 × 10^−3	8.91 × 10^−7	Adult	4.46 × 10^−2	No
				5.34 × 10^−6	Child	2.67 × 10^−2	No
	p, p’-DDT	1.194 ± 0.609	20 × 10^−3	2.73 × 10^−6	Adult	1.37 × 10^−4	No
				1.64 × 10^−5	Child	8.2 × 10^−2	No
	p, p’-DDE	0.147 ± 0.088	20 × 10^−3	3.36 × 10^−7	Adult	1.68 × 10^−5	No
				2.01 × 10^−6	Child	1.01 × 10^−4	No

Note: HR—health risk

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Data Availability Statement

Derived data supporting the outcomes of this research are available from the corresponding author [J.A] when requested.