Bacteriological and physicochemical quality of drinking water and associated risk factors in Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1. Mean concentration of physicochemical parameters in drinking water in of Ethiopia

Parameter	Mean value	Remark	Standard limit (WHO, 2018)	References
Turbidity (NTU)	0.98	Acceptable	0.3–25 NTU	Meride and Ayenew (2016)
	1.36	Acceptable		(Gemeda et al., 2021)
	4.74	Acceptable		(Behailu et al., 2018)
Temperature(C)	28.49	Acceptable	15–35°C	(Meride & Ayenew, 2016)
	16.65	Acceptable		(Tewodros, 2019)
	22.22	Acceptable		(Behailu et al., 2018)
Total Dissolved Solid (mg/L)	118.19	Not acceptable	200–2500 mg/l	(Meride & Ayenew, 2016)
	805.07	Acceptable		(Behailu et al., 2018)
	282.125	Acceptable		(Tesfaye et al., 2018)
Electrical Conductivity (μS/cm)	192.14	Acceptable	170–2700 μs/cm	(Meride & Ayenew, 2016)
	0.97	Not acceptable		(Behailu et al., 2018)
	798.4	Acceptable		(Tesfaye et al., 2018)
Chloride (mg/L)	53.7	Acceptable	20–1200 mg/l	(Tewodros, 2019)
	32.90–85.77	Acceptable		(Fito et al., 2019)
	10.07–30.0	Not acceptable		(Faye et al., 2022)
Residual chlorine (mg/L)	0.05	Not acceptable	0.1–5.0 mg/l	(Gemeda et al., 2021)
	0.26	Acceptable		(Duressa et al., 2019)
pH	7.48	Acceptable	6.5–8.5	(Gemeda et al., 2021)
	7.61	Acceptable		(Tewodros, 2019)
	7.54	Acceptable		(Behailu et al., 2018)
Nitrate (mg/L)	2.53	Not acceptable	40–75 mg/l	(Tewodros, 2019)
	1.93–13.33	Not acceptable		(Fito et al., 2019)
	1.1–1.8	Not acceptable		(Faye et al., 2022)
Hardness (mg/L)	20.4	Not acceptable	100–1000 mg/l	(Tewodros, 2019)
	399.90	Acceptable		(Behailu et al., 2018)
	271.67–410.67	Acceptable		(Fito et al., 2019)

Figure 1. Red colors indicate clusters with the highest percentage of unimproved water while, blue colors show clusters with low unimproved water coverage (Source: Damtew and Geremew (2020)).

Figure 2. Status of drinking water sources and poorly managed (backflow, flooding, and broken pipe) water sources in South Gondar zone of northern Ethiopia (Source: Addisie (2022)).

Figure 3. Sanitation status of drinking water in Ethiopia’s Somali Region (Source: Niculescu, 2019).

Table 2. Category of risk score of water contamination according to (WHO, 1997) in various parts of Ethiopia in terms of coliform count per 100 milliliter of sampled drinking water

CFU/100 mL of water	Studied area/location	Risk category	Remark	References
2–100	Wolaita zone of southern Ethiopia	Low to intermediate risk	Contaminated water	(Gizachew et al., 2020)
21–204	Addis Ababa city of central Ethiopia	Low to high risk	‘’	(Wolde et al., 2020)
2–6	Harari Region of Eastern Ethiopia	Low risk	‘’	(Asefa et al., 2021)
43–50	Gambella town in western Ethiopia	Intermediate risk	‘’	(Mekonnen et al., 2019)
9–266	Debre Tabor town in northern Ethiopia	Low to high risk	‘’	(Tasew, 2018)
10–100	South Gondar zone of northern Ethiopia	Intermediate risk	‘’	(Addisie, 2022)
10–65	Jigjiga city of Eastern Ethiopia	Intermediate risk	‘’	(Asfaw et al., 2016)
10–147	Ankober district of northern Ethiopia	Low to high risk	‘’	(Kassegne et al., 2020)
10–100	South east Ethiopia	Intermediate risk	‘’	(Mohammed, 2017)

Note: CFU/100 mL = coliform count per 100 milliliter of sampled water

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Data availability statement

The data availabilities were applicable from the online sources.