Investigating the plant metabolite potential as botanical insecticides against Spodoptera litura with different application methods

Figures & data

Figure 1. Mortality of S. litura as a result of botanical insecticide with oral and topical application techniques.

Note: The value followed by each different box shows a significant difference in each plot based on the Tukey HSD test results with a 95% confidence level.

Figure 2. The LT50 of S. litura due to botanical insecticides using different application methods: (a) oral, and (b) topical.

Figure 3. The number of S. litura with deformities due to oral or topical treatment with botanical insecticides.

Note: The value followed by each different box shows a significant difference in each plot based on the Tukey HSD test results with a 95% confidence level.

Table 1. Active compounds were detected in the test insects after exposure to botanical pesticides through oral and topical application methods

Test Parameter	Control	Oral	Topical
Total quinine-equivalent alkaloid (mg L−1)	299.32	312.52	258.72
Total flavonoid (µg L−1)	168,70	2500.28	3963.60
Total tannic acid-equivalent tannins (% w/v)	0.20	1.76	1.54
Terpenoid	Positive	Positive	Positive