Rural farm households’ food security and the role of livelihood diversification in enhancing food security in Damot Woyde District, Southern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Location map of the study area.

Table 1. Descriptive analysis of key socio-demographic and economic variables

Variables	Description	W/Dega (n = 207)	Kolla (n = 139)	Total (n = 346)
		Mean	Mean	Mean
Sex	Gender of HH head (Male = 1)	1.17(0.38)	1.21(0.41)	1.18(0.39)
Age	Age of HH head (Years)	46.58(8.20)	47.6(7.40)	46.99(7.89)
Education	Schooling of HH heads (Years)	2.3(3.62)	1.44(2.91)	1.96(3.37)
Family Size	Total number of HHs	6.62(1.57)	6.66(1.53)	6.64(1.55)
Dependency Ratio	Ratio of dependent to independent HH members	0.94(0.42)	0.92(0.41)	0.93(0.42)
Farmland	Total farmland owned by HH (ha)	0.41(0.18)	0.73(0.54)	0.54(0.40)
Income	Annual gross income (Birr)	13807 (3094)	10708 (1846)	12562 (3065)
SID	HH’s diversity index of income	0.64(0.05)	0.59(0.08)	062(0.07)
Extension Services	Access to agricultural extension services(Yes = 1)	1.41(0.49)	1.23(0.42)	1.34(0.47)
SWC	Soil & water conservation(Yes = 1)	1.84(0.37)	1.85(0.36)	1.84(0.37)
Calorie Consumption	HH’s average daily AE calorie consumption (Kcal)	1667 (529)	1506(469)	1602(511)
FSI	Food security index of Household	0.80(0.24)	0.73(0.21)	0.78(0.23)

Note: Numbers in parenthesis represent standard deviation values.

Source: Own survey data (2022).

Figure 2. Contribution of livelihood income from different bases.

Source: Own survey data (2022)

Table 2. Food security situations of rural farm households (HFBM)

Indicators	Value
	W/Dega	Kolla	Total
Total number of respondents	207	139	346
Food Secure Households	30.90%	23.00%	28%
Food Insecure Households	69.10%	77%	72%
Surplus Index	0.133	0.075	0.114
Shortfall Index	0.344	0.367	0.354
Entire Gap of Food Insecurity (TFIG)	0.34	0.37	0.35
Gap of Squared Food Insecurity (SFIG)	0.13	0.15	0.14

Source: Own survey data (2022)

Figure 3. Household’s status of food security (experience-based measure).

Source: Own survey data (2022)

Table 3. Role of household livelihood diversification on food security

Predictor Variables	Total Households (n = 346)
	β	Std. Error	Marginal Effects
Household head’s sex (1)	1.792	1.644	0.02719
Education of household head	.202	.197	0.00306
Household size	−3.095***	1.042	−0.04698
Age dependency ratio	1.048	2.104	0.01590
Annual income	.001***	.000	0.00002
SID	32.290***	11.261	0.49014
Farmland size	6.442***	1.858	0.09778
SWC (1)	3.796***	1.403	0.05762
Agricultural extension (1)	4.680**	1.825	0.07103
Constant	−34.921	12.702
Omnibus test Chi-square = 373.4, df = 9, p < 0.001
Nagelkerke R square 0.952
Model Prediction Success 97.7

Notes: *** & ** statistically significant at 99 %, and 95 % respectively.

Source: Own survey data (2022).

Table 4. The influence of livelihood diversity on the food security index

Variables	β	Std. Err.	Beta	t	Sig.	Tolerance	VIF
(Constant)	.702	.081		8.635	.000
Sex	−.035	.014	−.057	−2.518	.012**	.824	1.213
Education	.004	.002	.059	2.399	.017**	.696	1.436
Household size	−.051	.004	−.327	−13.113	.000***	.673	1.485
Dependency ratio	−.010	.013	−.018	−.781	.435	.818	1.222
SID	.358	.084	.102	4.284	.000***	.732	1.366
Annual income	.001	.000	.429	17.808	.000***	.720	1.389
Farmland size	.143	.014	.237	10.547	.000***	.829	1.206
SWC	.090	.017	.136	5.419	.000***	.669	1.495
Agricultural extension	.088	.011	.171	7.653	.000***	.836	1.197

Notes: *** & ** statistically significant at 99 %, and 95 % respectively.

Source: Own survey data (2022).

Data availability statement

The datasets employed and/or analyzed for this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.