Does publishing poultry vaccination schedule increase awareness and compliance among small-scale farmers? Evidence from Eastern Ghana

Figures & data

Table 1. National poultry vaccination schedule

Age		Vaccine
Week	Day
1	7	Gumboro Intermediate
2	14	HB1^1
3	21	Gumboro Intermediate Plus^2
4	28	Lasota
5	35	Gumboro Intermediate/Plus^3
8	53	1^st Fowl Pox
10	70	Lasota
12	84	2^nd Fowl Pox
16	112	3^rd Newcastle Vaccine

Source: Veterinary Service Directorate press release in Daily Graphic (4 October 2018).⁴

Figure 1. Conceptual framework for farmers’ compliance with the commercial poultry vaccination schedule.

Adapted from Chilonda and Van Huylenbroeck (2001)

Table 2. Description and measurement of variables and a-priori expectations

Variable	Description	Measurement	A-prior expectation
NVAC	Number of vaccinations administered	Count (0, 1, 2, … . 8)
GEN	Sex of the respondent	1= male, 0 = female	±
AGE	Age of the respondents	Years	±
EDU	Respondents’ educational level	1 = formal education, 0 = no education	+
PMGT	Training in poultry management	1 = Yes, 0 = No	+
EXP	Farmers experience in poultry farming	Years	+
FSIZE	Flock size	Birds	+
PDEXP	Farmers experience with poultry disease	1 = Yes, 0 = No	+
ACC	Access to credit	1 = Yes, 0 = No	+
AVET	Access to veterinary services	1 = Yes, 0 = No	+
INC	Monthly Income level	1 = above GHS500 0 = GHS500 and below	+

Figure 2. Map of birim central municipality.

Table 3. The socioeconomic characteristics of respondents

Categorical Variable		Percentage (n = 60)
Gender	Male	70
	Female	30
Marital status	Married	80
	Single	20
Education	No education	8.3
	Primary	25.0
	High school	43.3
	Tertiary	23.3
Income	Less than GHS200	15.0
	GHS200 - GHS500	38.3
	Above GHS500	46.7
Poultry Management Training	Yes No	66.7 33.3
Poultry Disease Experience	Yes No	88 12
Access to veterinary service	Yes No	60 40
Awareness	Yes No	78 22
Access to credit	Yes No	18.3 81.7
Continuous Variable	Mean	Min.	Max.
Age	48.72	26	75
Farm experience	9.3	1	28
Flock size	577.72	30	2000

Figure 3. Distribution of farmers by individual vaccinations they complied with.

Table 4. Distribution of respondents by number of vaccinations administered

Number of vaccinations (count)	Percentage (n = 60)
0	17
1	2
2	3
3	5
4	5
5	5
6	7
7	2
8	55
Total	100

Table 5. Estimated results of poisson regression

Variables	Coefficients	Std. Errors	P-Values
Gender	−0.254*	0.134	.057
Age	−0.006	0.009	.498
Education	0.491	0.379	.195
Flock size	0.0003**	0.0002	.043
Farm experience	−0.010	0.016	.523
Poultry management training	0.328**	0.156	.035
Disease experience	0.417*	0.249	.094
Access to credit	0.144	0.144	.318
Access to veterinary service	0.569***	0.162	.000
Income	−0.005	0132	.971
Constant	0.583	0.499	.243

Observation = 60, LR chi²  = 70.40, Prob > chi²  = 0.000, Pseudo R²  = 0.2039, AIC = 296.8058, BIC = 319.8436. *, ** and *** represent 10%, 5% and 1% significance levels, respectively.

Table 6. Constraints and their respective rankings

Constraints	Mean Rank	Position
Inadequate finance	1.20	1st
Inadequate veterinarians	3.12	2nd
High cost of veterinary service	3.20	3rd
High cost of vaccines	3.32	4th
Inadequate availability of vaccines	4.95	5th
Inadequate information on diseases	5.52	6th
Ineffectiveness of vaccines	6.70	7th

Kendall’s coefficient = 0.722, Chi-Square = 259.971, Asymptotic significance =0.000.

Table

Variables	Variance Inflation Factor (VIF)
ACC	1.12
GEN	1.17
PDEXP	1.23
DINC	1.41
DEDU	1.52
PMGT	1.55
AVET	1.78
FSIZE	2.26
EXP	3.40
AGE	4.12
Mean VIF	1.96

Chilonda, P., & Van Huylenbroeck, G. (2001). A conceptual framework for the economic analysis of factors influencing decision-making of small-scale farmers in animal health management. Revue scientifique et technique-Office international des épizooties, 20(3), 687–700. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.20.3.1302

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