Women-led community-based rice seed entrepreneurship model in Bangladesh: Status, challenges and opportunities

Figures & data

Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents

SL#	Variables and unit of measurement	Categories	Respondents		Mean	SD
			No.	%
i.	Age (Year) (Rahaman et al., 2020)	Young (up to 35)	35	56.5	36.8	9.1
		Middle (36–50)	51	37.0
		Old (>50)	6	6.5
ii.	Education (Schooling year)	Illiterate	13	14.1	5.7	3.8
		Can Sign Only	5	5.4
		Primary (1–5)	33	35.9
		Secondary (6–10)	33	35.9
		Higher Secondary (11–12)	7	7.6
		Higher Studies (>12)	1	1.1
iii.	Family size (Number) (Nahar & Zulfiker, 2021)	Small (up to 4)	41	44.6	4.9	1.7
		Medium (5–7)	46	50.0
		Large (>7)	5	5.4
iv.	Farming experience (Year) (Juthi et al., 2019)	Low (up to 12)	48	52.2	13.5	9.2
		Medium (13–24)	31	33.7
		Long (>24)	13	14.1
v.	Farm size (ha) (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics [BBS], 2009; Hasan et al., 2016)	Marginal (0.02–0.19)	51	55.4	0.22	0.17
		Small (0.20–1.0)	40	43.5
		Medium (1.01–3.03)	1	1.1
vi.	Annual income (‘000’ BDT) (Nahar & Zulfiker, 2021)	Low (up to 50)	18	19.6	134467.4	102958.9
		Medium (50–150)	48	52.2
		High (>150)	26	28.3
vii.	Sources of agricultural information	Federation committee	89	96.7	-	-
		Group leaders	85	92.4
		Seed dealers of CBRSE	83	90.2
		RDRS employee	82	89.1
		Neighbor farmers	77	83.7
		Relatives	76	82.6
		Friends	63	68.5
		SAAO	62	67.4
		UAO	57	61.9
		Exhibition	7	7.6
viii.	Training exposure (Score) (Ahmed, 2003)	No training (0)	15	16.3	2.95	2.89
		Short training (up to 1)	16	17.4
		Medium duration (2 to 6)	53	57.6
		Long duration (6<)	8	8.7
ix.	Organizational participation (Score) (Juthi et al., 2019)	Low (1 to 3)	62	67.4	3.63	2.75
		Moderate (4–6)	16	17.4
		High (Above 6)	14	15.2
x.	Innovativeness (Score) (Sakib et al., 2014)	Low (< 30.31)	37	40.2	35.88	11.15
		Moderate (30.31–41.46)	17	18.5
		High (> 41.46)	38	41.3
xi.	Knowledge on rice seed production (Marks obtained)	Low (up to 13)	0	0.0	34.6	4.5
		Moderate (14–26)	4	4.3
		High (above 26)	88	95.7

Table 2. Rank order of systematic mobilization issues

SL#	Particulars	Average score	Rank
i.	Development of communication skill	3.52	1^st
ii.	Betterment of social relationship	3.46	2^nd
iii.	Increment in decision making	3.43	3^rd
vi.	Raising income	3.36	4^th
v.	Raising of enlightening quality	3.27	5^th
vi.	Advancement in technology use skills	3.24	6^th
vii.	Increase leadership capability	3.16	7^th
viii.	Improve health care	3.11	8^th
ix.	Increase in prestige	3.07	9^th
x.	Amelioration of credit access	2.65	10^th

Table 3. Rank order of capacity building in different operations

SL#	Particulars	Average score	Rank
i.	Proficiency in threshing	3.47	1^st
ii.	Better practicing of seed sowing	3.45	2^nd
iii.	Proper skills in harvesting	3.45	3^rd
iv.	Gaining knowledge on cleaning and winnowing	3.42	4^th
v.	Experienced in justified drying method	3.41	5^th
vi.	Long term preservation technique of rice seed	3.41	6^th
vii.	Better water management	3.40	7^th
viii.	Experienced on quality seed selection	3.39	8^th
ix.	Development of pest control technique	3.34	9^th
x.	Improvement of transplanting skills	3.37	10^th
xi.	Expertise on land preparation	3.33	11^th

Figure 1. Distribution of the respondents based on their level of systematic mobilization.

Figure 2. Distribution of the respondents based on their capacity building.

Table 4. Distribution of the respondents according to their perceived benefit accrued from CBRSE

Categories	Respondents		Mean	SD
	No.	%
Low (up to 35.23)	29	31.5	38.1	5.7
Medium (35.23–40.93)	30	32.6
High (>40.93)	33	35.9

Figure 3. Rank order of perceived benefit accrued through community-based rice seed entrepreneurship model.

Table 5. Distribution of the respondents based on their perceived challenges encountered in CBRSEM

Categories	Respondents		Mean	SD
	No.	%
Low (up to 7.15)	29	31.5	9.5	4.6
Medium (7.15–11.79)	28	30.4
High (>11.79)	35	38.1

Table 6. Rank order of the challenges identified by the respondents

SL#	Problem statements	Average score	Rank
i.	Unavailability of moisture meter	1.59	1^st
ii.	High production cost	1.25	2^nd
iii.	Timely performed series of roguing	0.95	3^rd
iv.	Line space in transplanting	0.92	4^th
v.	Requires extra labor	0.80	5^th
vi.	Uncertainty of sunlight	0.76	6^th
vii.	Lack of weather forecast	0.75	7^th
viii.	Interrupted electricity supply	0.73	8^th
ix.	Low seed yield	0.63	9^th
x.	Delay in getting seed	0.62	10^th
xi.	Limited irrigation facility	0.47	11^th

Figure 4. Distribution of the respondents based on their perceived opportunity from CBRSEM.

Table 7. Rank order of perceived opportunities identified by the respondents

SL#	Particulars	Average score	Rank
i.	Increase yield	3.71	1^st
ii.	Betterment of livelihood	3.63	2^nd
iii.	Advancement in empowerment	3.59	3^rd
iv.	Increment of income	3.58	4^th
v.	Fulfillment of food security	3.55	5^th
vi.	Enhancement of social stability	3.54	6^th
vii.	Minimize the challenge of using quality seed	3.45	7^th
viii.	Reduction of dependency	3.35	8^th
ix.	Diminishing harassment of seed syndicate	3.14	9^th

Figure 5. Distribution of the respondents based on their extent of access to quality seed.

Table 8. Rank order of access to quality rice seed issues

SL#	Particulars	Average score	Rank
i.	Availability of quality seeds nearby their residence	3.51	1^st
ii.	Availability of quality seeds at the right time	3.51	2^nd
iii.	Getting seeds without hassle	3.45	3^rd
iv.	Confidence in buying quality seeds	3.43	4^th
v.	Available in the required quantity	3.42	5^th
iv.	Autonomy in choice of seed	3.39	6^th
v.	Buying seeds at reasonable prices	3.35	7^th
vi.	Transparency in the seed exchange	3.32	8^th
vii.	Easy transportation	3.32	9^th
viii.	Advise neighboring respondent women farmers to use CBRSE seed	3.24	10^th

Table 9. Relationship among the selected characteristics of the respondents and their seed production issues

Respondents’ selected characteristics		Systematic mobilization	Capacity building	Access to quality rice seed	Perceived benefit of CBRSEM	Opportunity of CBRSEM	Challenges
01.	Age	−.040	.186	.113	.234*	.108	.062
02.	Education	.051	−.051	.000	−.005	.056	−.026
03.	Family size	−.232*	−.181	−.139	−.045	−.049	.004
04.	Farming experience	.005	.078	.165	.324**	.115	−.014
05.	Farm size	−.050	.130	.074	.054	.137	.015
06.	Annual income	.142	.251*	.350**	.281**	.327**	−.162
07.	Sources of agricultural information	−.051	−.313**	−.239*	.117	−.306**	.316
08.	Training experience	−.017	−.103	−.137	.176	−.075	.281**
09.	Organizational participation	.260*	.286**	.234*	.308**	.207*	−.033
10.	Innovativeness	−.001	.078	−.031	−.215*	.003	−.042
11.	Knowledge	.624**	.605**	.623**	.552**	.587**	−.094

* 5% level of Significant, ** 1% level of Significant.

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