Assessment of the relationships between livestock production policies implementation and knowledge integration for the promotion of food security in Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1. Livestock policy options

Experiments	Description	Design
Scenario 1	Indigenous knowledge adoption	Increase indigenous knowledge adoption by 30%, and 60%
Scenario 2	Breed knowledge management adoption	Increase scientific technical and integrated breed selection knowledge management by 30%, and 60%
Scenario 3	Disease control mechanism adoption	Increase veterinarian scientific knowledge and integrated disease control mechanisms by 40%, and 60%

Source: Livestock policy options author’s suggestion

Table 2. The impact of selected policy instruments and Entrepreneur background

Outcomes	Subsidies	Tax on oilseed export		Entrepreneur behaviour type
	Incentive	Low tax	High tax	Type I	Type II	Type III
Scientific knowledge	+	-	+	5	3		2
Indigenous knowledge	+	-	+	5	3		2
Knowledge integration	+	-	+	5	3		2
Livestock productivity	+	_		5	3		2
Forage supplies	+	_		5	3		2
Browsing species	+			5	3		2
Grazing system	+	_		5	3		2
Herd size management	+			5	3		2
Improvement in climate	+			5	3		2
Agro-processing output	+	-	+	5	3		2
Oilseed output	+	+	+	5	3		2
Oilseed export	+	+	-	5	3		2
Value adding	+	-	+	5	3		2
Organic food supply	+	-	+	5	3		2
Income	+	±	+	5	3		2
Nutritious food supply	+	-	+	5	3		2
Food security	+	±	+	5	3		2

Notes: An encouraging sign (+) points to a rise in the use of conventional and scientific knowledge. A positive and negative (±) sign respectively denotes the increase and decrease of the output, income, or food security. Entrepreneur behavior type I refers to entrepreneurs with deep motivations, proactive behavior, livestock/pastoral backgrounds, and adequate working capital to work as one of the actors with project public-private partnership stakeholders. Entrepreneur behavior type II refers to entrepreneurs with deep motivations, proactive behavior, livestock/pastoral backgrounds, and inadequate working capital to work as one of the actors with project public-private partnership stakeholders. Entrepreneur behavior type III refers to entrepreneurs with high-profit motives, and adequate working capital to work as one of the actors with project public-private partnership stakeholders. The scores ranging from 1 (low) to 5 (high) in Table 2 represent to what extent the policies impacted the outcomes in terms of forage supplies, livestock productivity, nutritious food supply, etc and institutionalization, etc.

Table 3. The impacts of indigenous knowledge policy implementation on production, income, and food security

Experiment	Variable
	Production	Rural income	Rural food security
Base	30.51	26.60	24.03
SIM1	33.82	29.00	26.37
SIM1%	8.43	8.30	8.87
SIM2	36.52	31.52	28.76
SIM2%	16.54	15.61	16.84

Source: Own computation result based on Oromia region Social Accounting matrix (SAM) (Shikur, 2020a).

Notes: Figures in Table 3 show values in billions of Ethiopian Birr and percentages of increments in production, income, and rural household food consumption. Base refers to the reference year (without any intervention). SIMs 1 &2 refer to simulations 1 and 2 (i.e., scenarios 1 and 2 increase indigenous and technical breed management knowledge adoption by 40%, and 60%, respectively). SIM1 and SIM1% denote the expression of changes in monetary values and percentages due to policy implementation, respectively. SIM2 and SIM2% denote the expression of increments in livestock production, rural households’ income, and food security relative to the base scenario in monetary values and percentages, respectively

Table 4. The impacts of integrated breed selection technical knowledge policy implementation on production, income, and food security

Experiment	Production		Rural income		Rural food security
	WMerger	Merger	WMerger	Merger	WMerger	Merger
Base	30.51	30.51	26.60	26.60	24.03	24.03
SIM1	34.24	33.10	29.53	28.75	26.85	25.43
SIM1%	12.21	7.51	11.00	7.48	10.87	5.51
SIM2	35.47	33.98	30.59	29.26	28.03	27.20
SIM3%	21.61	11.21	20.16	9.10	20.76	11.65

Source: Own computation result based on SAM for the Oromia region (Shikur, 2022).

Notes: Figures in Table 4 show values in billions of Ethiopian Birr and percentages of increments in production, and rural households’ income and food security. The base refers to reference scenarios without technical knowledge of policy implementation, implying the livestock sector operates without intervention. The WMerger refers to technological-oriented intervention only, denoting intervention focusing on only technical change. Merged interventions refer to the integrated policy approaches that integrate indigenous breed selection technical knowledge into scientific technical knowledge breed management. SIMs 1–2 refer to simulations 1 and 2 derived from knowledge simulations. (i.e., scenarios 1 and 2 in the case of WMerger increase scientific-technical knowledge adoption by 40%, and 60%, respectively, and scenarios 1 and 2 in the case of Merger increase integrated knowledge adoption by 40%, and 60%, respectively). SIM1 and SIM2 denote the expression of changes in livestock production, and rural households’ income and food security in monetary values due to policy implementation. SIM1% and SIM2% denote the expression of increments in livestock production, rural households’ income and food security in percentages relative to the base scenario.

Table 5. The effects of the integrated veterinarian technical knowledge policy implementation on production, income and food security

Experiment	Variable
	Production		Rural income		Rural food security
	WMerger	Merger	WMerger	Merger	WMerger	Merger
Base	30.51	30.51	26.60	26.60	24.03	24.03
SIM1	36.48	34.00	31.92	30.14	28.87	27.26
SIM1%	19.57	10.26	20.00	11.77	20.14	11.84
SIM2	42.00	37.43	36.56	33.24	33.10	30.07
SIM2%	37.66	18.56	37.46	20.00	37.74	22.00

Source: Own computation result based on Oromia region SAM.

Notes: Figures in Table 5 show values in billions of Ethiopian Birr and percentages of increments in production, and rural households’ income and food security. Base refers to reference scenarios (without technical knowledge of policy implementation), implying the livestock sector operates without intervention. WMerger refers to the reduction of livestock disease at different rates by applying technical knowledge. Merger indicates merged interventions or integrated policy approaches that integrate indigenous veterinarian technical knowledge into scientific technical knowledge policies. It adopts the combination of scientific and indigenous knowledge of livestock disease control mechanisms. SIMs 1–2 refer to scenarios 1 and 2. SIM1 and SIM2 denote the expression of increments in livestock production, and rural households’ income and food security in monetary values. SIM1% and SIM2% denote the expression of increments in livestock production, and rural households’ income and food security in percentages relative to the base scenario.

Shikur, Z. H. (2020a). Agricultural policies, agricultural production and rural households’ welfare in Ethiopia. Economic Structures, 9(2020), 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-020-00228-y

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