Effects of different graded levels of tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) on growth performance of broiler chicken

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredients and their proportions used in formulating the experimental diets

Feed ingredients (%)	Starter ration:0–28 days					Finisher ration:29–56 days
	Treatments					Treatments
	T1	T2	T3	T4	T5	T1	T2	T3	T4	T5
Maize	47.00	39.96	32.90	25.85	18.80	60.00	51.00	42.00	33.00	24.00
Soybean meal	23.00	24.30	24.45	27.00	26.00	22.50	23.50	23.30	23.00	24.50
Noug seed cake	10.00	10.00	11.10	6.40	10.00	5.00	3.00	3.00	3.50	2.60
Wheat middling	11.80	10.10	8.00	9.70	6.60	5.20	5.50	4.70	3.80	2.00
Bone and meat meal	6.80	6.70	7.00	7.00	7.00	6.00	6.00	6.40	6.50	7.00
Tannia corm meal	0.00	7.54	15.10	22.63	30.17	0.00	9.63	19.26	28.89	38.52
Salt	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32
Limestone	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30
Premix*	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
Lysine	0.14	0.12	0.18	0.14	0.14	0.06	0.10	0.10	0.06	0.10
Methionine	0.14	0.16	0.15	0.16	0.17	0.12	0.15	0.12	0.13	0.16
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Calculated values
CP (%)	22.17	22.10	22.0	21.64	21.39	20.12	19.55	19.06	18.62	18.46
CF (%)	5.61	5.50	5.50	4.86	5.21	4.03	3.72	3.64	3.64	3.33
EE (%)	5.14	4.90	4.73	4.35	4.22	5.09	4.71	4.44	4.15	3.88
ME kcal/kg DM	3065.34	3055.64	3039.45	3049	3020.41	3148.41	3141.61	3123.67	3103.66	3095.13
Calcium (%)	1	1	1.02	1.04	1.05	0.9	0.91	0.95	0.97	1.03
Phosphorus (%)	0.75	0.74	0.74	0.71	0.71	0.68	0.66	0.65	0.64	0.65

CF: Crude fiber; CP: Crude protein; DM: Dry matter; EE: Ether extracted; ME: Metabolizable energy; T1: Treatment without tannia corm meal (TCM) substitution; T2: Treatment containing 1 5% TCM; T3: Treatment containing 30% TCM; T4: Treatment containing 45% TCM; T5: Treatment containing 60% TCM; *Vitamin Premix = 25 kg contains: Vit A 2,000,000 IU/kg, Vit D3:400000IU/kg, vit E: 10000 mg/kg, Vit k3: 400 mg/kg, Vit B1: 300 mg/kg, Vit B2: 1000 mg/kg, Calcium-D-Pantothenate:1800 mg/kg, Vit B6: 600 mg/kg, Vit B12:4000 mg/kg, Niacin: 6000 mg/kg, Folic Acid:200 mg/kg, Choline chloride: 40000 mg/kg, Iron sulphate monohydrate:9000 mg/kg, copper sulphate pentahydrate:1000 mg/kg, Manganese Oxide:12000 mg/kg, Zinc: 14000 mg/kg, Iodine: 200 mg/kg, Selenium: 80010mcg/kg, Citric Acid, 25 mg/kg, Butylated Hydroxytoluene:166 mg/kg, Propyl Gallate: 14 mg/kg, Calcium: 28.47%.

Table 2. Chemical composition of major feed ingredients used in this study

Nutrients	Feed ingredients
	Maize	SBM	NSC	WM	BMM	TCM
DM (%)	92.00	90.80	92.30	89.00	93.40	90.60
CP (% DM)	8.80	43.00	31.50	15.60	45.14	3.70
CF (% DM)	2.10	4.89	20.98	11.89	0.03	2.20
EE (% DM)	4.60	4.50	6.60	2.80	14.00	1.20
Ash (% DM)	2.30	6.50	11.90	2.50	31.45	2.20
NFE (% DM)	74.20	31.91	21.32	56.21	2.78	81.30
ME (kcal/kg DM)	3335.98	3091.91	2801.70	2462.24	2914.07	3121.21
Ca (% DM)	0.05	0.32	0.35	0.09	10.20	0.14
P (% DM)	0.31	0.69	0.91	0.45	4.04	0.16

DM: Dry Matter; CP: Crude Protein; CF: Crude Fiber; EE: Ether Extracted; NFE: Nitrogen Free Extracted; ME: Metabolizable Energy; Ca: Calcium; P: Phosphorus; SBM: Soybean Meal; NSC: Noug Seed Cake; WM: Wheat Middling; BMM: Bone and Meat Meal; TCM: Tannia Corm Meal.

Table 3. Levels of antinutritional factors in fresh and sun dried tannia corm (mg/100 g)

Parameters	Fresh tannia corm	Sun dried tannia corm
Tannin	784.00	535.70
Phytate	106.50	36.36
Oxalate	756.20	748.00
Saponin	1200.00	1022.65

Table 4. Mean feed intake of the experimental birds (g/bird/day)

Period	Treatments
	T1	T2	T3	T4	T5	Mean	SEM
Sarter
Week1	19.86	19.25	20.83	19.34	19.90	19.84	1.17
Week2	34.91^b	35.57^ab	35.19^b	36.19^ab	38.03^a	35.98	1.06
Week3	48.27^b	50.65^b	51.41^ab	54.24^ab	58.86^a	52.69	2.80
Week 4	91.49^b	95.05^ab	93.24^ab	100.18^ab	102.21^a	96.43	3.41
0–4 week	48.63^b	50.13^ab	50.17^ab	52.49^ab	54.75^a	51.23	1.81
Finisher
Week5	139.72	140.65	142.16	142.16	141.25	141.19	8.68
Week6	170.42^ab	171.78^ab	167.96^b	181.52^a	180.98^a	174.53	4.72
Week7	180.66	183.66	173.55	182.99	184.21	181.01	9.50
Week 8	212.04	209.42	217.11	216.80	217.62	214.60	8.00
5-8week	175.71	176.38	175.20	180.87	181.01	177.83	5.27
0-8week	112.17	113.25	112.68	116.68	117.88	114.53	2.84

^a-bMeans within a row with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05); SEM: Standard error of the mean; T1: Treatment without tannia corm meal substitution; T2: Treatment containing 15% tannia corm meal; T3: Treatment containing 30% tannia corm meal; T4: Treatment containing 45% tannia corm meal; T5: Treatment containing 60% tannia corm meal.

Table 5. Growth performance of experimental chickens fed on diets containing different graded levels of tannia corm meal

	Treatments
Period	T1	T2	T3	T4	T5	Mean	SEM
Starter
Initial weight (g/bird)	44.60	42.03	43.83	43.17	44.07	43.54	1.04
Week 1 weight (g/bird)	154.10^ab	143.39^b	155.59^a	151.44^ab	145.61^ab	150.02	4.28
Week 2 weight (g/bird)	268.44^a	250.69^ab	257.25^ab	261.51^ab	246.16^b	256.81	6.89
Week 3 weight (g/bird)	551.67	544.95	498.10	495.67	518.29	521.74	25.40
Week 4weight (g/bird)	854.22^a	834.72^ab	825.00^ab	809.72^ab	778.29^b	820.39	27.49
ADG 0–4 week (g/day)	28.92^a	28.31^ab	27.90^ab	27.38^ab	26.22^b	27.74	0.97
Finisher
Week 5 weight (g/bird)	1301.94	1269.61	1233.33	1270.61	1245.17	1264.13	79.19
Week 6 weight (g/bird)	1705.56^a	1668.06^ab	1560.00^b	1666.89^ab	1559.39^b	1631.98	52.54
Week 7 weight (g/bird)	2141.67	2069.09	2007.67	2066.67	1998.11	2056.64	91.23
Week 8 weight (g/bird)	2674.32^a	2659.59^ab	2529.9^bc	2605.30^abc	2498.94^c	2593.61	52.98
ADG 5–8 week (g/day)	65.00	65.17	60.89	64.13	61.45	63.33	2.13
ADG 0–8 week (g/day)	46.96^a	46.74^ab	44.39^bc	45.75^abc	43.84^c	45.54	0.95

^a-cMeans within a row with different superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05); SEM: Standard error of the mean; ADG: Average daily body weight gain; T1: Treatment without tannia corm meal substitution; T2: Treatment containing 15% tannia corm meal; T3: Treatment containing 30% tannia corm meal; T4: Treatment containing 45% tannia corm meal; T5: Treatment containing 60% tannia corm meal.

Table 6. Daily mean feed conversion ratio and survival rate of broilers fed on ration with different level of TCM

	Treatments
Period	T1	T2	T3	T4	T5	Mean	SEM
Starter
Week1	1.27	1.33	1.31	1.25	1.37	1.31	0.10
Week2	2.14^b	2.32^ab	2.42^ab	2.31^ab	2.67^a	2.37	0.17
Week3	1.20^b	1.21^b	1.50^ab	1.63^a	1.53^ab	1.41	0.14
Week4	2.17^ab	2.31^ab	2.00^b	2.24^ab	2.76^a	2.30	0.26
0–4 week	1.68^c	1.77^bc	1.80^bc	1.92^ab	2.09^a	1.85	0.07
Finisher
Week5	2.20	2.29	2.49	2.18	2.14	2.26	0.31
Week6	3.20	3.30	3.65	3.25	4.04	3.49	0.82
Week7	3.08	3.38	2.74	3.21	3.38	3.08	0.60
Week8	2.88	2.55	2.99	2.87	3.10	2.88	0.57
5–8 week	2.71	2.71	2.88	2.82	2.95	2.81	0.14
0–8 week	2.39^b	2.42^b	2.54^ab	2.55^ab	2.69^a	2.52	0.08
Mortality rate	0.06	0.08	0.03	0.03	0.06	0.05	0.04

^a-cMeans within a row with different superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05); SEM: Standard error of the mean; T1: Treatment without tannia corm meal substitution; T2: Treatment containing 15% tannia corm meal; T3: Treatment containing 30% tannia corm meal; T4: Treatment containing 45% tannia corm meal; T5: Treatment containing 60% tannia corm meal.

Table 7. Partial budget analysis of TCM inclusion in to broilers diet

	Treatments
Parameters	T1	T2	T3	T4	T5	Mean	SEM
Feed cost/kg (ETB)
Starter	29.13^a	28.13^b	27.12^c	25.67^d	24.77^e	26.97	0.00
Finisher	29.97^a	28.43^b	26.78^c	25.23^d	23.91^e	26.86	0.00
TPC of TCM/kg (ETB)	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.4	-	-
TPC of TCM/bird (ETB)
Starter	0.00^e	0.36^d	0.72^c	1.13^b	1.57^a	0.76	0.03
Finisher	0.00^e	1.62^d	3.22^c	4.97^b	6.64^a	3.29	0.12
Feed consumption/bird (kg)
Starter	1.36^b	1.40^ab	1.41^ab	1.47^ab	1.53^a	1.43	0.05
Finisher	4.92	4.94	4.91	5.06	5.07	4.98	0.15
Cost of feed/bird (ETB)
Starter	39.67	39.49	38.10	37.72	37.97	38.59	1.38
Finisher	147.46^a	140.38^ab	131.38^bc	127.77^c	121.18^c	133.64	3.92
Total feed cost/bird (ETB)	187.13^a	179.87^ab	169.48^bc	165.49^c	159.16^c	172.23	4.16
TVC of production/bird (ETB)	187.13^a	181.85^ab	173.42^bc	171.59^bc	167.37^c	176.27	4.29
Price of bird/kg LBW (ETB)	125	125	125	125	125	-	-
Final LBW of birds (kg)	2.67^a	2.66^ab	2.53^bc	2.61^abc	2.50^c	2.59	0.05
BWG of birds (kg)	2.63^a	2.62^ab	2.49^bc	2.56^abc	2.45^c	2.55	0.05
Gross income/bird (ETB)	334.29^a	332.45^ab	316.24^bc	325.66^abc	312.37^c	324.20	6.62
Net income/bird (ETB)	147.16	150.60	142.82	154.07	145.00	147.93	7.57
Cost/kg BWG (ETB)	71.18	69.50	69.80	66.99	68.17	69.13	2.12

a-e Means within a row with different superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05); SEM: Standard error of the mean; T1: Treatment without tannia corm meal substitution; T2: Treatment containing 15% tannia corm meal; T3: Treatment containing 30% tannia corm meal; T4: Treatment containing 45% tannia corm meal; T5: Treatment containing 60% tannia corm meal; BWG: Body weight gain; LBW: Live body weight; ETB: Ethiopian birr; TCM: Tannia corm meal; TPC: Transport and processing cost of tannia corm meal; TVC: Total variable cost.