Effects of dietary inclusion of sugarcane (saccurum officinarum) filter cake on the performances of broiler chickens

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of the study area.

Figure 2. Sieving operation of sun-dried SFC (a) and part of sieved SFC (b).

Table 1. Chemical composition (% DM) and ME (Kcal/kg DM) of major feed ingredients

Ingredients	DM	ME	CP	CF	Fat	Ash	Ca	P
Maize	91.0	3258	9.00	1.70	4.36	1.19	0.04	.30
Wheat middling	91.5	1980	12.91	5.00	3.10	2.42	0.14	.45
Soybean meal	89.5	2180	43.50	7.20	7.40	7.45	0.4	.61
Noug seed cake	90.0	2400	32.63	17.10	7.10	10.01	0.88	1.02
Meat and bone meal	92.0	2830	52.4 0	0	12.00	27.07	7.08	4.51
Sugarcane filter cake	92.5	1105	13.54	18.04	7.05	24.78	4.85	1.7
Soybean oil	99.5	9300	0	0	99.5	0	0	0

DM= Dry matter; CP = crude protein; EE = ether extract; CF= crude fiber; ME = metabolizable energy; Ca = calcium; P = phosphorous. Fresh SFC DM (%) = 35.76

Table 2. Ingredients and composition (g/kg as fed) of experimental diets

Ingredients	Starter (1–14 days)			Grower (15–28 days)			Finisher (29–49 days)
	SFC0	SFC5	SFC10	SFC0	SFC5	SFC10	SFC0	SFC5	SFC10
Maize	565	560	527	595	600	568	600	600	591.5
Wheat middling	36	17	2	57	12	2	80	25	1
Meat and bone meal	60	60	60	60	47	60	60	60	60
Soybean meal	260	270	263	200	232	213	160	160	184
Noug seed cake	36	5	2	40	12	3	41.5	50	1
Sugarcane filter cake	0	50	100	0	50	100	0	50	100
Soybean oil	20	25	35	29	34	43	41	44	52
Limestone	12	2	1	8	3	1	7	1	1
Salt	4	4	3	4	3	3	4	3.5	3
DL-Lysine	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
DL-Methionine	2	2	2	2	2	2	1.5	1.5	1.5
Premix*	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
Nutrient composition (%DM):
Dry matter (%)	90.99	91.03	91.19	91.13	91.15	91.33	91.29	91.31	91.45
Crude protein	21.48	21.29	21.08	19.55	19.48	19.3	18.17	18.41	18.15
Crude fiber	3.67	3.97	4.64	3.42	3.86	4.36	3.28	4.05	4.16
Calcium	1.05	0.91	1.1	0.89	0.84	1.09	0.84	0.87	1.07
Phosphorus	0.67	0.72	0.78	0.65	0.65	0.76	0.64	0.71	0.75
ME (Kcal/kg)	2937	3025	2921	3039	3033	3022	3126	3121	3110

*contains Vit A 1,000,000 IU, Vit D3 200,000 IU, Vit E 10,000 mg, Vit K3 225 mg, Vit B1 125 mg, Vit B2 500 mg, Vit B3 1375 mg, Vit B6 125 mg, Vit B12 1 mg, Niacin 4,000,000 mg, folic acid 100 mg, choline chloride 37,500 mg, antioxidant (BTHT) 0.05%, manganese 0.60%, zinc 0.70%, iron 0.45%, copper 0.05%, sodium 0.01%, selenium 0.004%, calcium 2.7%; ME = metabolizable energy

Table 3. The fatty acids profile of sugarcane filter cake

Fatty acid	Type	Composition
		%DM	%EE
Linoleic acid	Unsaturated	3.01	42.66
Oleic acid	Unsaturated	1.7	24.15
Palmitic acid	Saturated	1.66	23.52
Stearic acid	Saturated	0.16	2.24

EE (% DM) = 7.78

Table 4. Feed intake (g/day), body weight gain (g/day), average daily gain (ADG), cumulative feed intake (CFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of cobb500 broilers fed sugarcane filter cake-based diets

Treatment	1–14 days					15–28 days
	FI	IBW	FBW	ADG	FCR	FI	FBW	ADG	FCR
SFC0-control (T0)	33.27	47.83	307.20	18.53	1.75	85.95^a	906.75	42.82^a	2.03^c
SFC5-whole period (T1)	33.14	47.58	301.78	18.16	1.75	85.97^a	854.14	39.45^a	2.20^abc
SFC10-whole period (T2)	33.59	47.70	304.35	18.33	1.75	76.37^b	776.78	33.74^b	2.27^ab
SFC5-grower to finisher (T3)	33.89	47.48	311.94	18.89	1.72	84.82^a	872.10	40.01^a	2.13^abc
SFC10-grower to finisher (T4)	33.22	47.28	303.22	18.28	1.75	79.67^b	790.72	34.82^b	2.33^a
SFC5-finisher (T5)	33.50	48.24	304.80	18.33	1.77	84.93^a	877.14	40.88^a	2.09^bc
SFC10-finisher (T6)	34.91	47.48	317.94	19.32	1.74	86.20^a	906.60	42.04^a	2.06^c
SEM	2.42	0.34	11.16	0.85	0.08	2.37	31.71	1.097	0.04
P-value	0.9990	0.5748	0.9451	0.9646	0.9998	0.0172	0.0580	<.0001	<.0001
Mean contrast:
T1,T2 vs T3,T4	0.9392	0.4562	0.6918	0.6894	0.7886	0.6511	0.6228	0.4573	0.8533
T1,T2 vs T5,T6	0.7291	0.5391	0.4687	0.4988	0.9928	0.0650	0.0303	<.0001	0.0009
T3,T4 vs T5,T6	0.7871	0.1845	0.7389	0.7818	0.7816	0.1628	0.0773	0.0003	0.0017
T1,T3,T5 vs T2,T4 T6	0.8416	0.3360	0.8018	0.7892	0.9963	0.0211	0.1182	0.0003	0.0500
T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6 vs T0	0.8677	0.5918	0.9908	0.9786	0.9530	0.2497	0.0991	0.0003	0.0039
Treatment	29–49 days				1–49 days
	FI	FBW	ADG	FCR	FI	CFI	TBWG	ADG	FCR
SFC0-control (T0)	122.04^a	1962.67^cd	50.28^c	2.54^a	86.36	4.23	1914.83^dc	39.08	2.17
SFC5-whole period (T1)	117.34^ab	1998.35^bc	54.48^abc	2.21^abc	84.32	4.13	1950.76^bc	39.81	2.08
SFC10-whole period (T2)	110.40^b	1926.32^cd	54.74^abc	2.18^bc	78.73	3.86	1878.61^dc	38.34	2.08
SFC5-grower to finisher (T3)	114.09^ab	1903.33^cd	49.11^c	2.49^ab	82.81	4.06	1855.85^dc	37.87	2.17
SFC10-grower to finisher (T4)	117.52^ab	1884.93^d	52.10^bc	2.28^abc	82.62	4.05	1837.65^d	37.50	2.14
SFC5-finisher (T5)	119.74^a	2089.13^ab	57.71^ab	2.14^c	85.15	4.17	2040.90^ab	41.65	2.02
SFC10-finisher (T6)	122.28^a	2160.42^a	59.70^a	2.39^abc	87.01	4.26	2112.9^a	43.12	2.11
SEM	2.197	33.76	1.93	0.07	3.17	0.106	33.63	1.53	0.04
P-value	0.0010	0.0004	0.0007	0.0007	0.5897	0.2003	0.0003	0.0882	0.2799
Mean contrast:
T1,T2 vs. T3,T4	0.3791	0.0629	0.0384	0.0157	0.7085	0.5914	0.0629	0.3653	0.1306
T1,T2 vs T5,T6	0.0012	0.0003	0.0343	0.3695	0.1522	0.0538	0.0003	0.0308	0.7176
T3,T4 vs T5,T6	0.0183	<.0001	<.0001	0.1273	0.2899	0.1421	<.0001	0.0022	0.0611
T1,T3,T5 vs T2,T4 T6	0.8564	0.8202	0.2678	0.9935	0.6142	0.4711	0.8273	0.9207	0.5546
T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6 vs T0	0.0308	0.4083	0.0370	0.0025	0.3947	0.2315	0.4036	0.6995	0.1952

Means within column and within main effect not sharing a common superscript letter differ significantly (P < 0.05); SFC= sugarcane filter cake; FI = feed intake, IBW= initial body weight; FBW= final body weight; ADG= average body weight gain; FCR= feed conversion ratio; CFI = cumulative feed intake (kg/bird/49 days); TBWG= total body weight gain

Figure 3. Trend of weekly average body weight of experimental animals.

Table 5. Yield of carcass and non-carcass components (g/bird, except SBW,kg) of broilers (n = 6) slaughtered at 49 days of age

Treatment	SBW	DP	EP	Breast	Thigh	Drum- stick	Back	Wing	Gizzard	Heart	Liver	Crop	Pro	SI	LI	Abd Fat	MB ratio
SFC0-control (T0)	2.20	87.84	64.58	665.83	234.17	201.67	187^ab	86.17	26.68	11.10	33.73	5.48	8.63	49.65	7.20	29.35	4.43^ab
SFC5-whole period (T1)	2.08	85.57	62.18	573.33	209.17	205.00	164.2^bc	79.17	29.46	9.02	33.83	7.70	7.70	57.95	8.35	29.07	4.50^ab
SFC10-whole period (T2)	2.10	87.05	65.00	556.67	225.00	193.33	191.7^a	85.00	31.28	9.25	29.65	5.92	7.32	61.40	7.52	29.35	4.50^ab
SFC5-grower to finisher (T3)	2.13	86.32	65.40	606.67	231.83	202.5	160.2^c	87.00	27.40	9.07	33.42	5.52	9.42	59.47	7.93	30.75	4.77^ab
SFC10-grower to finisher (T4)	2.21	87.89	63.24	632.5	233.33	206.66	186.7^ab	87.50	31.13	10.98	33.78	6.35	7.47	50.92	7.75	30.48	5.40^a
SFC5-finisher (T5)	2.15	87.45	65.34	595.83	220.83	208.33	186.7^ab	83.33	30.82	8.91	33.58	6.70	7.73	56.60	9.45	29.48	4.67^ab
SFC10-finisher (T6)	2.30	86.54	64.51	677.50	231.67	217.33	185^ab	87.50	32.17	10.75	34.67	6.10	7.48	62.47	10.20	29.67	4.07^b
SEM	0.09	.69	1.26	45.21	14.13	12.25	7.60	3.90	1.88	0.89	2.84	.68	.66	4.43	1.09	0.58	0.26
P-value	0.683	.209	.514	0.436	0.865	0.902	0.027	0.730	0.313	0.288	0.917	.301	.249	0.304	0.441	0.329	0.032
Mean contrast:
T1,T2 vs. T3,T4	0.402	.257	.571	0.235	0.280	0.661	0.556	0.194	0.559	0.326	0.518	.212	.164	0.318	0.934	0.020	0.028
T1,T2 vs T5,T6	0.166	.331	.300	0.122	0.521	0.272	0.303	0.399	0.557	0.439	0.408	.557	.880	0.975	0.093	0.530	0.616
T3,T4 vs T5,T6	0.574	.870	.634	0.708	0.657	0.505	0.110	0.642	0.245	0.832	0.855	.502	.213	0.333	0.079	0.080	0.007
T1,T3,T5 vs T2,T4 T6	0.280	.214	.958	0.418	0.421	0.960	0.008	0.280	0.143	0.078	0.697	.364	.117	0.944	0.921	0.888	0.956
T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6vsT0	0.632	.212	.827	0.237	0.565	0.772	0.338	0.769	0.078	0.146	0.852	.235	.279	0.085	0.267	0.475	0.449

SBW= slaughter body weight, DP= dressing %, EP= eviscerated %, Pro= proventriculus, SEM= standard error of means, SI= small intestine, LI=large intestine,

Abd fat=abdominal fat, MB ratio=meat to bone ratio, SFC₅= 5% filter cake, SFC₁₀= 10% filter cake, T= treatment

Table 6. Least square means of tibia ash, calcium and phosphorus composition of broilers (49 d) fed diets-based sugarcane filter cake

Treatment	%DM tibia
	Total ash	Calcium	Phosphorus	Ca : P ratio
SFC0-control (T0)	48.81^ab	19.83^a	8.62^ab	2.29^a
SFC5-whole period (T1)	52.10^a	19.28^a	8.90^a	2.18^ab
SFC10-whole period (T2)	52.03^a	20.10^a	8.23^b	2.44^a
SFC5-grower to finisher (T3)	51.31^ab	18.29^ab	8.91^a	2.05^b
SFC10-grower to finisher (T4)	51.57^ab	17.08^ab	9.15^a	1.87^b
SFC5-finisher (T5)	46.76^b	15.10^b	8.00^b	1.89^b
SFC10-finisher (T6)	47.52^b	15.98^b	8.10^b	1.97^b
SEM	1.05	1.06	0.25	0.121
P-value	0.0089	0.0277	0.0376	0.0342
Treatment contrast:
T1,T2 vs. T3,T4	0.5646	0.0785	0.0878	0.0111
T1,T2 vs T5,T6	0.0004	0.0015	0.0663	0.0068
T3,T4 vs T5,T6	0.0012	0.0621	0.0019	0.8093
T1,T3,T5 vs T2,T4 T6	0.7190	0.8508	0.6071	0.5908
T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6 vs T0	0.2385	0.0755	0.7994	0.1069

^a,bMeans within a column lacking a common superscript differ (P < 0.05).

Table 7. Result of partial budget analysis of broiler chickens reared on SFC-based diets (1–49 days; in birr/bird)

Parameter	Treatments
	SFC0-control (T0)	SFC5-whole period (T1)	SFC10-whole period (T2)	SFC5-grower to finisher (T3)	SFC10-grower to finisher (T4)	SFC5-finisher (T5)	SFC10-finisher (T6)
Chick purchase	30	30	30	30	30	30	30
Medication cost	7	7	7	7	7	7	7
Labor cost	21.87	21.87	21.87	21.87	21.87	21.87	21.87
Feed cost	75.4	72.96	69.14	72.06	72.70	73.88	76.34
TVC cost	134.27	131.83	128.01	130.92	132.74	131.56	135.21
Total return(TR)	245	250	241.25	237.5	235	261.25	270
Net income	110.73	118.17	113.24	106.58	102.26	129.69	134.79
cNI	0	7.44	2.51	−4.15	−8.47	18.96	24.06
cTVC	0	−2.44	−6.26	−3.35	−1.53	−2.71	0.94
MRR(cNI/cTVC)	-	3.05	0.40	na	na	6.99	25.60
TR:TVC ratio	1.82	1.90	1.88	1.81	1.77	1.99	2.00

TVC: total variable cost, cNI: change in net income, cTVC: change in total variable cost, MRR: marginal ret of return; na = not applicable; purchase price of day old chicks = 30 birr/head; sell price of finished broilers = 125 birr/kg body weight