Feed potential of small cereal grains in poultry production in semi-arid areas: A review

Figures & data

Table 1. Global sorghum production by tonnage (in millions) per region at five time intervals

Region	2000	2005	2010	2013	2015
World	55.8	59.6	60	61.3	63.5
Africa	18.4	24.8	24.7	25/7	24.8
North Central America	18.0	15.7	15.9	16.4	17.2
South America	4.9	5.3	6.2	6.8	5.5
Asia	11.3	18.2	10.5	8.7	8.0
Europe	0.7	0.5	0.7	1.1	0.9
Oceania incl. Australia	2.1	2.0	1.6	2.2	2.1

Source: USDA (2016).

Table 2. Nutritional composition of small grain (pearl millet, finger millet and sorghum)

Nutrient	Grain type
	Sorghum	Pearl millet	Finger millet
Protein (g)	10.4	11.8	7.7
Fat (g)	3.1	4.8	1.5
CF (g)	2.0	2.3	3.8
Carbohydrates (g)	70.7	67.0	72.6
Energy (kcal)	329	363	336
Iron (g)	5.4	11.0	3.9
Mineral matter (g)	1.6	2.3	2.7
Ca (mg)	25	42	344
P (mg)	222	296	283

Source: Muui (2014).

Table 3. Amino acid profile of pearl and finger millets

Amino acids (g/100 g)	Pearl millet	Finger millet
Essential amino acids
Isoleucine	5.1	4.3
Leucine	14.1	10.8
Lysine	0.5	2.2
Methionine	1.0	2.9
Phenylalanine	7.6	6.0
Threonine	3.3	4.3
Valine	4.2	6.3
Histidine	1.7	NA
Non-essential amino acids
Alanine	8.1	6.1
Arginine	0.9	3.4
Aspartic acid	6.2	5.7
Glutamic acid	22.8	23.4
Cystine	0.8	NA
Proline	8.2	9.9

Source: Hassan et al. (2021).

Table 4. Protein and energy for improved productivity of native chickens

Nutrient level	Improved production parameter	Chicken age (weeks)	Research
Protein
18–19%	Improved growth and productivity	1–6	Mbajiorgu (2010)
18%	Improved weight gain	1–13	Kalinda and Tanganyika (2017)
15.53%	Improved carcass weight and DOP	14	Charles et al. (2017)
Energy
14 MJ ME/kg	Improved growth and productivity	1–6	Mbajiorgu (2010)
12.91 MJ ME/kg	Improved feed intake and FCR	8–13	Alabi et al. (2013)
2,750 kcal/kgME	Improved growth performance	9–20	Mohammad and Sohail (2008)

MJ—Mega Joules, ME—Metabolizable Energy, DOP—Dressing out Percentage, FCR—Food Conversion Efficiency.

Table 5. Dietary nutrient requirements for broiler starter and finisher diets

	Starter diets		Finisher diets
Nutrient requirements	Max value	Min value	Max value	Min value
ME (kcal/kg)	3.500	2.800	4.000	3.050
Protein (%)	40	15	22	13
Fat (%)	2.5	1.0	6.0	1.0
Calcium (%)	1.5	0.5	1.0	0.3
Phosphorus (%)	0.7	0.1	0.6	0.1
Lysine (%)	2.5	0.5	2.0	0.5
Methionine (%)	0.7	0.2	0.7	0.2
Sodium (%)	0.3	0.02	0.3	0.02
Chloride (%)	0.5	0.05	0.5	0.05
Viatmin A (IU/kg)	13.500	-	10.000	-
Vitamin D3 (IU/kg)	4.950	-	3.900	-
Vitamin E (IU/kg)	73	-	48	-

Source: Banerjee (2010).

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