Comparison of some characteristics of cashew nut production in two agroecological zones of Burkina Faso

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of Burkina Faso showing the study sites in two agroecological zones.

Table 1. Statute and gender data of cashew producers in the two zones

Climatic zone	Total	Autochthons	Migrants	Official
Soudanian	80	80	0	0
Female	4	5%	0%	0%
Male	76	95%	0%	0%
Soudano-Sahelian	80	74	5	1
Female	3	3.75%	0%	0%
Male	77	88.75%	6.25%	1.25%

Table 2. Age distribution and education levels of cashew producers in the study areas

Producer age	[20,40]	[40,60]	[60,80]	[80,100]	General P-value	Primary	Secondary	Unschooled
Soudanian zone						11.25%	15%	73.75%
Subtotal	11	58	11	0
Average	34.82	49.24	65.73	-
Standard error	7.92	7.88	8.48	-
Minimum	29	41	61	-
Maximum	39	60	71	-
P50	39	46	67	-
Soudano-Sahelian zone						12.5%	7.5%	80%
Subtotal	7	39	33	1
Average	34.86	51.28	68.24	82
Standard error	10.96	10.06	10.12	0
Minimum	27	41	61	-
Maximum	40	60	80	-
P50	39	51	70	-
P-value	0.35	0.05	9.11e^−4	0.32	8.5e^−4	0.82	0.16	0.65

Figure 2. Sources of cashew seedling materials.

Figure 3. Cashew plants spacing in orchards.

Notes: Close: spacing <9 m; Large: spacing >10 m; Normal: spacing = 10 m; Random: no defined spacing; Too close: spacing <5 m.

Table 3. Distribution of cashew total yield average according climatic zones

	Average of total yield (kg)
Soudanian zone	[0,2000]	[2000,4000]	[4000,6000]	[6000,8000]	[8000,10000]	Total (%)
Subtotal	65	7	5	1	2	80
Subpercentage (%)	81.25	8.75	6.25	1.25	2.5	100
Soudano-Sahelian zone
Subtotal	79	1	0	0	0	80
Subpercentage (%)	98.75	1.25	0	0	0	100
Total percentage (%)	90	5	3.125	0.625	1.25	100
P-value	0.24	0.03	0.03	0.32	0.16	7.75e^−3

Figure 4. Inter-crops identity in association with cashew plants in orchards.

Notes: C = Cereal; Co = Cotton; L = legume.

Figure 5. Constraints encountered by cashew producers.

Notes: L = low price, animal divination, insects and pests infestation, diseases, price variability; A = no government role, no support, no intervention, bad organization; S = absence of land; F = fire; P = low production; W = water.

Figure 6. Pesticides used in orchards to control inter-crops from pests.

Notes: E19EC = Emacott; G35EC = Grosefan; Lp25EC = Lambdaf plus; P25EC = PachaS40EC = Somon; EC = Emulsifying component; the numbers are the characteristic of the active molecular in each of the pesticide.

Figure 7. Pesticides and practices used for Apate terebrans and Diastoscera trifasciata management.

Notes : G35EC = Grosefan; P25EC = Pacha; Ls2.5 = Lamdaf super S40EC = Somon; EC = Emulsifying component; the numbers are the characteristic of the active molecular in each of the pesticide.

Table 4. Correlation within some continuous variables

Factor variables	Variables	Soudanian zone			Soudano-Sahelian zone
		P-value	CI	Cor	P-value	CI	Cor
Cashew total yield (kg)	Number of farms	0.004	0.105–0.502	0.3177	0.0237	0.034–0.447	0.2526
	Nuts production time	9.683e^−5	0.222–0.587	0.4219	6.769e^−5	0.232–0.593	0.4303
	Orchard age	4.515e^−5	0.243–0.601	0.4395	0.0001	0.209–0.578	0.4105
	Annual plants treatment	0.8663	−0.201–0.237	0.0191	0.3211	−0.324–0.110	−0.1123
Yield loss estimation (%)	Orchard age	0.0001	0.204–0.574	0.4058	9.775e^−10	0.461–0.737	0.6184
	Attack time	5.659e^−10	0.470–0.742	0.6252	2.699e^−09	0.444–0.728	0.6054
	Nuts production time	0.0002	0.198–0.570	0.4010	6.303e^−11	0.503–0.761	0.6509
	Number of farms	0.0036	0.109–0.505	0.3213	0.0349	0.017–0.433	0.2361