Determinants of effective cattle disease management among smallholder farmers in light of rapid theileriosis outbreaks and economic losses: The case of Mutare rural district, Manicaland province, Zimbabwe

Figures & data

Table 1. Description and measurement of variables used in the regression model

Variable	Variable Name	Measurement		A priori expectation
Yi	Total Economic losses	US$
X1	Age of household head	0 = Less than 25 years; 1= 26-50 2 = Above 50 Years		-
X2	Marital status	0 = Single; 1 = Married; 2 = Divorced; 3 = Widowed		+/-
X3	Level of education	0 = No formal education; 1 = Primary; 2 = Secondary; 3 = Tertiary		-
X4	Experience	0 = Less than 5 years; 1 = 6 – 10 years; 2 = Above 10 years		-
X5	Access to formal credit	0 = No; 1 = Yes		-
X6	Vaccination of cattle	0 = No; 1 = Yes		-
X7	Access to animal health officer	0 = No; 1 = Yes		-
X8	Training on cattle diseases	0 = No; 1 = Yes		-
X9	Household size	Number of household members		-
X10	Gender of household head	0 = Female; 1 = Male		+/-

Table 2. Summary of demographic and socio-economic characteristics

Variable	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Gender Female Male	23 67	25.6 74.4
Level of education No formal education Primary level Secondary level Tertiary level	4 16 56 14	4.4 17.8 62.2 15.6
Age of head of household Less than 25 26-50 Above 50	1 37 52	1.1 41.1 57.8
Experience Less than 5 years 6-10 years Above 10 years	13 20 57	14.4 22.2 63.3
Marital Status Single Married Divorced Widowed	2 66 4 18	2.2 73.3 4.4 20.0
Access to formal credit No Yes	54 36	60.0 40.0
Access to an animal health officer No Yes	21 69	23.3 76.7
Training on Theileriosis and other diseases No Yes	32 58	35.6 64.4
Vaccination of cattle No Yes	8 82	8.9 91.1

Table 3. Economic losses associated with cattle diseases

Variable	N	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Std. Deviation
Total losses ($)	90	8	3660	1288.87	1040.56

Table 4. OLS regression results

Total losses		Coefficient	Std Error	t-value	p – value
Age of household 26-50 years Above 50 years		213.8874 122.1214	1440.765 1509.535	0.15 0.08	0.882 0.936
Marital Status Married Divorced Widowed		-678.9616 -408.6187 -317.9305	945.9762 1060.811 1110.583	-0.72 -0.39 -0.29	0.475 0.701 0.775
Level of education Primary level Secondary Level Tertiary level		-663.4206 -687.8998 -1095.81	494.3363 483.4135 537.6976	-1.34 -1.42 -2.04	0.184 0.159 0.045
Experience 6-10 years Above 10 years		-12.50611 77.02319	365.6643 366.0006	-0.03 0.21	0.973 0.834
Access to formal credit		-782.3822	208.2817	-3.76	0.000**
Vaccination of cattle		484.6729	408.1924	1.19	0.239
Access to animal health officer		-530.0079	212.3135	-2.50	0.015*
Training on cattle diseases		-497.0553	234.813	-2.12	0.038*
Household size		-63.41682	64.67137	-0.98	0.330
Gender		186.718	471.8319	0.40	0.693
Constant		3137.734	1061.597	2.96	0.004

** and * indicate significance at 1% and 5% respectively