Biological substances as stimulants-inducing growth, flowering, and chemical constituents in Dahlia plants

Figures & data

Table 1. Chemical and physical properties of the sandy soil under study

Physical properties	Soil Texture		Sand %		Silt %			Clay %
	Sandy		94.60		2.25			3.15
Chemical properties	pH	EC (ds/m)	Soluble cations (meq/L)					Soluble anions (meq/L)
			Na^+	K^+	Ca^2+		Mg^2+	CO3^−2	HCO3^−	Cl^−
	8.1	0.3	13.2	7.2	2.0		0.5	0.0	4.6	3.4

Table 2. Mineral compositions of moringa leaves

Element	Concentration (ppm)
Mg	145.0
K	1100
Ca	550
Na	22
Zn	0.15
Cu	0.50

Table 3. Influence of biological substances on branch number/plant and plant height (cm) of D. pinnata under sandy soils during the two seasons of 2021 and 2022

Treatments	Plant height (cm)		branch number/plant
	1^st season	2^nd season	1^st season	2^nd season
Control	65.43	65.67	3.20	3.30
SA 300 mg/L	67.50	67.10	3.90	3.97
AA 300 mg/L	66.87	66.67	3.80	3.60
MLE 10 g/L	67.90	68.20	4.23	4.17
SA+AA	70.37	70.60	4.60	4.70
SA+MLE	74.73	75.20	5.20	5.10
AA+MLE	72.00	72.37	4.70	4.53
SA+AA+MLE	77.87	79.03	5.53	5.40
LSD5%	1.26	1.55	0.23	0.22

Table 4. Influence of biological substances on number of leaves/branch and shoot dry weight/plant (g) of D. pinnata under sandy soils during the two seasons of 2021 and 2022

Treatments	Number of leaves/branch		Shoot dry weight/plant (g)
	1^st season	2^nd season	1^st season	2^nd season
Control	15.50	15.17	33.97	33.53
SA 300mg/L	16.93	16.57	39.10	39.80
AA 300 mg/L	16.17	15.93	36.67	33.13
MLE 10 g/L	17.10	16.63	44.37	43.83
SA+AA	18.10	17.80	46.13	46.40
SA+MLE	20.73	20.43	47.77	48.50
AA+MLE	19.10	18.70	46.43	46.50
SA+AA+MLE	22.07	21.70	51.83	51.73
LSD5%	0.59	0.83	1.75	4.27

Table 5. Influence of biological substances on flower number/plant and flower diameter (cm) of D. pinnata under sandy soils during the two seasons of 2021 and 2022

Treatments	Number of flowers/plant		Flower diameter (cm)
	1^st season	2^nd season	1^st season	2^nd season
Control	16.53	16.67	9.43	9.93
SA 300mg/L	21.00	20.00	10.57	11.63
AA 300 mg/L	19.00	20.00	11.53	11.37
MLE 10 g/L	22.00	22.33	12.10	12.50
SA+AA	23.00	24.00	11.97	11.83
SA+MLE	25.00	26.00	12.63	12.87
AA+MLE	23.00	23.00	8.50	12.30
SA+AA+MLE	31.00	30.00	12.63	13.40
LSD5%	1.64	2.43	3.66	0.86

Table 6. Influence of biological substances on flowering date (day) and stalk length (cm) of D. pinnata under sandy soils during the two seasons of 2021 and 2022

Treatments	Flowering date (day)		Stalk length (cm)
	1^st season	2^nd season	1^st season	2^nd season
Control	106.00	107.00	31.00	32.00
SA 300mg/L	111.00	112.00	34.00	35.00
AA 300 mg/L	109.00	110.00	35.33	37.00
MLE 10 g/L	116.67	117.00	37.00	37.00
SA+AA	119.00	119.67	38.00	39.00
SA+MLE	124.67	124.00	42.00	42.00
AA+MLE	122.00	121.00	43.00	44.00
SA+AA+MLE	127.67	130.67	44.00	45.00
LSD5%	2.68	1.85	1.84	1.73

Table 7. Influence of biological substances on stalk diameter (mm) and stalk fresh weight (g) of D. pinnata under sandy soils during the two seasons of 2021 and 2022

Treatments	Stalk diameter (mm)		Stalk fresh weight (g)
	1^st season	2^nd season	1^st season	2^nd season
Control	3.50	3.40	33.00	32.00
SA 300mg/L	3.77	3.80	35.33	32.00
AA 300 mg/L	4.23	4.17	34.33	33.00
MLE 10 g/L	4.80	4.60	36.00	34.00
SA+AA	5.10	5.00	37.00	34.00
SA+MLE	5.63	5.53	39.33	37.00
AA+MLE	5.27	5.13	37.33	35.00
SA+AA+MLE	6.23	6.07	40.00	42.00
LSD5%	0.21	0.20	1.48	1.67

Table 8. Influence of biological substances on the dry and fresh weight (g) of D. pinnata flower under sandy soils during the two seasons of 2021 and 2022

Treatments	Flower fresh weight (g)		Flower dry weight (g)
	1^st season	2^nd season	1^st season	2^nd season
Control	15.50	15.50	2.60	2.47
SA 300 mg/L	17.50	18.27	3.17	3.00
AA 300 mg/L	16.80	16.90	2.90	2.70
MLE 10 g/L	18.67	18.17	3.37	3.27
SA+AA	20.30	19.97	3.70	3.57
SA+MLE	22.53	22.23	4.33	4.20
AA+MLE	21.20	21.20	4.10	4.03
SA+AA+MLE	25.10	25.30	4.80	4.80
LSD5%	1.09	1.21	0.26	0.23

Table 9. Influence of biological substances on the number of tuberous roots/plant and fresh weight of tuberous roots/plant (g) of D. pinnata under sandy soils during the two seasons of 2021 and 2022

Treatments	Number of tuberous/plant		Fresh weight of tuberous/plant (g)
	1^st season	2^nd season	1^st season	2^nd season
Control	4.27	4.40	268.00	265.00
SA 300 mg/L	4.83	4.93	284.00	285.00
AA 300 mg/L	5.20	5.33	276.67	280.00
MLE 10 g/L	5.67	5.80	305.33	305.00
SA+AA	5.97	6.07	319.33	322.00
SA+MLE	6.70	6.80	344.67	345.00
AA+MLE	6.37	6.33	337.00	335.33
SA+AA+MLE	7.73	7.73	369.00	366.33
LSD5%	0.47	0.43	4.95	6.03

Figure 1. Influence of biological substances on total carbohydrate content (mg/g D. W.) of D. pinnata under sandy soils during two seasons of 2022 and 2023.T1 = control, T2 = salicylic acid (SA) at rate of 300 mg/L., T3 = AA at rate of 300 mg/L, T4 = moringa leaf extract at rate of 10 g/l MLE, T5 = SA+AA, T6 = SA+MLE, T7 = AA+MLE and T8 = SA+AA+MLE.

Figure 2. Influence of biological substances on total chlorophyll content (mg/g D. W.) of D. pinnata under sandy soils during two seasons of 2022 and 2023.T1=control, T2=salicylic acid (SA) at rate of 300 mg/L., T3= AA at a rate of 300 mg/L, T4=moringa leaf extract at rate of 10 g/l MLE, T5=SA+AA, T6=SA+MLE, T7=AA+MLE and T8= SA+AA+MLE.

Figure 3. Influence of biological substances on nitrogen content (%) (mg/g D. W.) of D. pinnata under sandy soils during two seasons of 2022 and 2023. T1=control, T2=salicylic acid (SA) at rate of 300 mg/L., T3= AA at rate of 300 mg/L, T4=moringa leaf extract at rate of 10 g/l MLE, T5=SA+AA, T6=SA+MLE, T7=AA+MLE and T8= SA+AA+MLE.

Figure 4. Influence of biological substances on phosphorus content (%) (mg/g D. W.) of D. pinnata under sandy soils during two seasons of 2022 and 2023. T1=control, T2=salicylic acid (SA) at a rate of 300 mg/L., T3= AA at a rate of 300 mg/L, T4=moringa leaf extract at a rate of 10 g/l MLE, T5=SA+AA, T6=SA+MLE, T7=AA+MLE and T8= SA+AA+MLE.

Figure 5. Influence of biological substances on potassium content (%) (mg/g D. W.) of D. pinnata under sandy soils during two seasons of 2022 and 2023. T1=control, T2=salicylic acid (SA) at a rate of 300 mg/L., T3= AA at a rate of 300 mg/L, T4=moringa leaf extract at a rate of 10 g/l MLE, T5=SA+AA, T6=SA+MLE, T7=AA+MLE and T8= SA+AA+MLE.

Table 10. Influence of biostimulants on total carbohydrate content (mg/g D.W.) and total chlorophylls (mg/g F.W.) of Dahlia pinnata under newly reclaimed soils during the two seasons of 2021 and 2022

Treatments	Total carbohydrate content (mg/g D.W.)		Total chlorophylls (mg/g F.W.)
	1^st season	2^nd season	1^st season	2^nd season
Control	31.57	33.00	2.40	2.53
SA 200ppm	34.00	34.10	2.63	2.60
AA 200ppm	36.37	36.13	2.90	2.80
MLE 50%	38.23	38.00	3.17	2.90
SA+AA	40.47	40.23	3.30	3.10
SA+MLE	44.47	44.17	3.50	3.40
AA+MLE	41.73	41.93	3.13	3.20
SA+AA+MLE	48.63	49.13	3.70	3.60
LSD5%	1.30	1.24	0.16	0.17

Table 11. Influence of biostimulants on nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content (%) of Dahlia pinnata herb under newly reclaimed soils during the two seasons of 2021 and 2022

Treatments	Herb nitrogen (%)		Herb phosphorus (%)		Herb potassium (%)
	1^st season	2^nd season	1^st Season	2^nd season	1^st season	2^nd season
Control	1.90	1.80	0.23	0.23	0.64	0.65
SA 200ppm	2.30	2.33	0.27	0.26	0.79	0.81
AA 200ppm	2.10	2.13	0.24	0.23	0.73	0.71
MLE 50%	2.40	2.43	0.27	0.26	0.86	0.87
SA+AA	2.57	2.51	0.29	0.28	0.99	0.96
SA+MLE	2.60	2.58	0.31	0.30	1.12	1.10
AA+MLE	2.54	2.53	0.28	0.29	1.02	1.01
SA+AA+MLE	2.81	2.75	0.31	0.32	1.28	1.26
LSD5%	0.17	0.20	0.03	0.02	0.065	0.070

Data availability statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.