Analysis of vegetable production status and marketing system in Ethiopia: The case of Sebeta Hawas Woreda, Oromia region

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of the study area.

Source: Oromia Finance and Economic Development Bureau (OFEDB) (2015)

Table 1. Types of vegetables crops dominantly grown and their share of production in the study area

S. N	Types of vegetables	Land allocated to vegetables (ha)	Share (%)	Total vegetable production (tons)	Share (%)
1	Onion	74.90	19.90	1852.55	26.34
2	Garlic	20.30	5.40	84.90	1.21
3	Tomato	50.60	13.40	972.78	13.82
4	Cabbage	94.20	25.00	1934.78	27.50
5	Potato	43.00	11.40	774.49	11.01
6	Lettuce	6.00	1.60	108.60	1.54
7	Habesha cabbage	29.70	7.90	572.65	8.14
8	Beetroots	47.60	12.60	660.83	9.34
9	Carrots	10.50	2.80	73.55	1.05
Total		376.8	100	7034.63	100

Source: survey result (2022).

Figure 2. Total land allocated to vegetables and share of irrigated land area (ha).

Table 2. Cost of production and profitability analysis

Item/activities	Cost in Ethiopian Birr (ETB)
	Onion	Tomato	Cabbage
Variable costs
Seed purchase	15200.00	35,000.00	14,000.00
Land preparation	6500.00	7,300.00	6,800.00
Land leveling	1200.00	1,600.00	1,100.00
Seedling transplanting	2950.00	2,600.00	2,500.00
Weeding and hoeing	7200.00	8,500.00	6,000.00
Irrigation water application	6780.00	8,000.00	7,800.00
Chemical purchase (pesticide)	10600.00	12,000.00	9,500.00
Chemical application for pest and disease control	6240.00	6,000.00	5,800.00
DAP purchase	4400.00	12,000.00	6,000.00
UREA purchase	3600.00	8,000.00	4,500.00
Fuel and lubricant	12500.00	12,500.00	12,500.00
Harvesting	9050.00	14,200.00	12000
Total variable costs (TVC)	86220	127700	88500.00
Fixed costs
Land rent	20000.00	28,000.00	20,000.00
Pump rent/cost	15000.00	15,000.00	15,000.00
Opportunity cost (7%)	6035.40	8939.00	6195.00
Total fixed costs (TFC)	41035.40	51939	41195.00
Total production cost/ha	127255.40	179639	129695.00
Total yield (ton/ha)	26.00	28.70	29.60
Total cost of production/100kg	486 ETB/100kg	625ETB/100kg	438 ETB/100kg
Average selling price/100kg	610	820	678
Total revenue (TR) (Y*Py)	158600.00	235340.00	200688.00
Gross margin (TR-TVC)	72380.00	107640.00	112188.00
Net return/profit (GR-TFC)	31344.60	55701.00	70993.00
BCR (TR/TC)	1:1.25	1:1.31	1:1.55

Source: Authors’ computation from field survey (2022); Y=Output quantity; y-output unit price; TR-Total Revenue; TVC-Total Variable Cost; GR-Gross Return; TFC-Total Fixed Costs; TC-Total Cost; BCR-Benefit Cost Ratio.

Table 3. Summary statistics of marketing factors (dummy variables)

Variables	Description	Number of respondents (N=385)	Percent
Access to storage facilities (0=no;1=yes)	Yes	123	31.90
Access to market (0=no;1=yes)	Yes	184	47.80
Access to market information (0=no;1=yes)	Yes	203	52.70
Valuable market information (0=no;1=yes)	Yes	149	38.70

Source: Survey result (2022).

Table 4. Market concentration of selected vegetable traders

Number of traders	Onion		Tomato		Cabbage
	Quantity purchased (ton)	Market share (%)	Quantity purchased (ton)	Market share (%)	Quantity purchased (ton)	Market share (%)
1	964.54	13.04	270.95	4.12	1061.46	11.24
1	404.60	5.47	407.08	6.19	603.45	6.39
1	454.90	6.15	608.97	9.26	394.74	4.18
1	455.64	6.16	1469.17	22.34	615.72	6.52
1	1540.01	20.82	389.32	5.92	936.81	9.92
1	470.44	6.36	872.69	13.27	1563.86	16.56
1	392.77	5.31	344.60	5.24	587.39	6.22
1	846.19	11.44	395.24	6.01	746.99	7.91
1	716.75	9.69	308.43	4.69	546.786	5.79
1	502.24	6.79	379.46	5.77	441.02	4.67
1	349.13	4.72	810.87	12.33	644.10	6.83
1	299.57	4.05	319.61	4.86	1300.39	13.77
Total	7396.78	100	6576.39	100	9443.62	100

Source: Survey result (2022).

Table 5. Price setting strategies

S.N	Price setters	Frequency	Percent
1	Wholesalers	63	16.40
2	Own	20	5.20
3	Brokers	302	78.40
	Total	385	100

Source: Survey result (2022).

Table 6. Marketing channels of onion

Channel	Marketing agents	Quantity supplied (tons)	%
I	Producers→Brokers→Wholesalers→Retailers→Street Vendors→Consumers	142	9.2
II	Producers→Brokers→Wholesalers→Retailers→Consumers	645	41.8
III	Producers→Brokers→Wholesalers→Consumers	63	4.1
IV	Producers→Wholesalers→Retailers→Street Vendors→Consumers	236	15.3
V	Producers→Wholesalers→Retailers→Consumers	100	6.5
VI	Producers→Wholesalers→Street Vendors→Consumers	108	7
VII	Producers→Retailers→Consumers	40	2.6
VIII	Producers→Street Vendors→Consumers	59	3.8
IX	Producers→Wholesalers→Consumers	82	5.3
X	Producers→Retailers→Street Vendors→Consumers	37	2.4
XI	Producers→Consumers	31	2
	Total	1543	100

Source: Survey result (2022).

Table 7. Marketing channels of tomato

Channel	Marketing agents	Quantity Supplied (tons)	%
I	Producers→Brokers→Wholesalers→Retailers→Street vendors→Consumers	84	9.8
II	Producers→Brokers→Wholesalers→Retailers→Consumers	320	37.2
III	Producers→Wholesalers→Retailers→Street vendors→Consumers	62	7.2
IV	Producers→Wholesalers→Street Vendors→Consumer	33	3.8
V	Producers→Wholesalers→Retailers→Consumers	123	14.3
VI	Producers→Wholesalers→Processors→Consumers	20	2.3
VII	Producers→Retailers→Processors→Consumers	13	1.5
VIII	Producers→Street vendors→Processors→Consumers	28	3.3
IX	Producers→Retailers→Street Vendors→Processors→Consumers	40	4.7
X	Producers→Wholesalers→Consumers	57	6.6
XI	Producers→Retailers→Consumers	46	5.4
XII	Producers→Street Vendors→consumers	24	2.8
XIII	Producers→Consumers	9	1.1
	Total	859	100

Source: Survey result (2022).

Table 8. Marketing channels of cabbage

Channel	Marketing agents	Quantity supplied (tons)	%
I	Producers→Brokers→Wholesalers→Retailers→Street Vendors→Consumers	120	7.4
II	Producers→Brokers→Wholesalers→Retailers→Consumers	635	39.1
III	Producers→Wholesalers→Retailers→Street Vendors→Consumers	111	6.8
IV	Producers→Wholesalers→Retailers→ Consumers	151	9.3
V	Producers→Wholesalers→Street Vendors→Consumers	271	16.7
VI	Producers→ Retailers→Street Vendors→Consumers	96	5.9
VII	Producers→Wholesalers→Consumers	106	6.5
VIII	Producers→Retailers→Consumers	67	4.1
IX	Producers→Street Vendors→Consumers	42	2.6
X	Producers→ Consumers	26	1.6
	Total	1625	100

Source: Survey result (2022).

Table 9. Onion gross marketing margin, profit margin and share of profit analysis

Channels	Actors	PC (ETB/100kg)	PP (ETB/ 100kg)	MC (ETB/ 100kg)	TC (ETB/ 100kg)	SP (ETB/ 100kg)	GMM (%)	PS (%)	TGMM (%)
	Producers	486	0	105	591	650	30	12	70
	Brokers	0	650	50	700	950	14	28
I	Wholesalers	0	950	345	1295	1550	28	27
	Retailers	0	1550	135	1685	1950	19	27
	S. Vendors	0	1950	87	2037	2150	9	6
	Producers	486	0	105	591	650	33	7	67
	Brokers	0	650	50	700	950	15	30
II	Wholesalers	0	950	345	1295	1550	31	31
	Retailers		1550	135	1685	1950	21	32
	Producers	486	0	105	591	650	42	11	58
	Brokers	0	650	50	700	950	19	44
III	Wholesalers	0	950	345	1295	1550	39	45
	Producers	486	0	55	541	750	37	19	63
	Wholesalers	0	750	220	975	1450	34	44
IV	Retailers	0	1450	115	1565	1850	19	26
	S. Vendors	0	1850	75	1925	2050	10	11
	Producers	486	0	55	541	750	40	22	60
	Wholesalers	0	750	220	970	1450	38	49
V	Retailers	0	1450	115	1565	1850	22	29
	Producers	486	0	55	541	750	39	19	61
VI	Wholesalers	0	750	220	970	1450	37	44
	S. Vendors	0	1450	52	1502	1900	24	37
	Producers	486	0	25	511	800	44	34	56
VII	Retailers	0	800	445	1245	1850	56	66
	Producers	486	0	25	511	900	47	37	53
VIII	S. Vendors	0	900	337	1237	1900	53	63
	Producers	486	0	55	541	850	53	39	47
IX	wholesalers	0	850	220	1070	1600	47	61
	Producers	486	0	25	511	800	40	30	60
X	Retailers	0	800	445	1245	1850	53	62
	S. Vendors	0	1850	75	1925	2000	7	8
XI	Producers	486	0	85	571	685	199	100	100

Source: Authors’ computation from survey result (2022); PC-Production Cost; PP-Purchasing Price; MC-Marketing cost; TC-Total Cost; SP-Selling Price; GMM-Gross Marketing Margin; PS-Profit Share; TGMM-Total Gross Marketing Margin.

Table 10. Tomato gross marketing margin and share of profit

Channel	Actors	PC (ETB/100kg)	PP (ETB/ 100kg)	MC (ETB/ 100kg)	TC (ETB/ 100kg)	SP (ETB/ 100kg)	GMM (%)	PS (%)	TGMM (%)
I	Producers	625	0	95	720	730	46	2	54
	Brokers	0	730	50	780	880	9	21
	Wholesalers	0	880	170	1050	1180	19	27
	Retailers	0	1180	145	1325	1400	14	16
	S. Vendors	0	1400	40	1440	1600	12	34
II	Producers	625	0	95	720	730	52	3	48
	Brokers	0	730	50	780	880	11	32
	Wholesalers	0	880	170	1050	1180	21	41
	Retailers	0	1180	145	1325	1400	16	24
III	Producers	625	0	75	700	800	55	22	45
	Wholesalers	0	800	105	905	1000	14	21
	Retailers	0	1000	145	1145	1300	21	34
	S. Vendors	0	1300	45	1345	1450	10	23
IV	Producers	625	0	75	700	800	59	25	41
	Wholesalers	0	800	105	905	1000	15	24
	Retailers	0	1000	145	1145	1350	26	51
V	Producers	625	0	75	700	800	52	20	48
	Wholesalers	0	800	105	905	1000	13	19
	S. Vendors	0	1000	34	1234	1540	35	61
VI	Producers	625	0	75	700	800	61	21	39
	Wholesalers	0	800	105	905	1000	15	20
	Processors	0	1000	45	1045	1320	24	59
VII	Producers	625	0	75	700	900	54	29	46
	Retailers	0	900	165	1065	1255	22	25
	Processors	0	1255	50	1305	1650	24	46
VIII	Producers	625	0	55	680	900	56	27	44
	S. Vendors	0	900	67	967	1250	22	35
	Processors	0	1250	45	1295	1600	22	38
IX	Producers	625	0	75	700	850	55	25	45
	Retailers	0	850	165	1015	1250	26	39
	S. Vendors	0	1250	25	1275	1300	3	4
	Processors	0	1300	55	1355	1550	16	32
X	Producers	625	0	75	700	800	80	51	20
	Wholesalers	0	800	105	905	1000	20	49
XI	Producers	625	0	75	700	900	62	34	38
	Retailers	0	900	165	1065	1450	38	66
XII	Producers	625	0	55	680	900	60	28	40
	S. Vendors	0	900	25	925	1500	40	72
XIII	Producers	625	0	138	763	850	87	100	100

Source: Authors’ computation from survey result (2022); PC-Production Cost; PP-Purchasing Price; MC-Marketing cost; TC-Total Cost; SP-Selling Price; GMM-Gross Marketing Margin; PS-Profit Share; TGMM-Total Gross Marketing Margin.

Table 11. Cabbage gross marketing margin, and share of profit

Channels	Actors	PC (ETB/100kg)	PP (ETB/100kg)	MC (ETB/ 100kg)	TC (ETB/100kg)	SP (ETB/ 100kg)	GMM (%)	PS (%)	TGMM (%)
	Producers	438	0	65	503	585	39	11	61
	Brokers	0	585	25	610	750	11	19
I	Wholesalers	0	750	115	865	1000	17	18
	Retailers	0	1000	72	1072	1150	10	11
	S. Vendors	0	1150	53	1203	1500	23	41
	Producers	438	0	65	503	585	51	19	49
	Brokers	0	585	25	610	750	14	32
II	Wholesalers	0	750	115	865	1000	22	31
	Retailers	0	1000	72	1072	1150	13	18
	Producers	438	0	65	503	585	42	17	58
	Wholesalers	0	585	25	610	750	12	28
III	Retailers	0	750	72	1072	1150	29	16
	S. Vendors	0	1150	37	1187	1380	17	39
	Producers	438	0	40	478	750	52	33	48
IV	Wholesalers	0	750	76	826	1000	17	21
	Retailers	0	1000	48	1048	1150	10	13
	Producers	438	0	40	478	750	68	39	42
V	Wholesalers	0	750	76	826	1050	23	32
	S. Vendors	0	1050	44	1094	1300	19	29
	Producers	438	0	80	518	800	59	38	41
VI	Retailers	0	800	45	845	1100	22	34
	S. Vendors	0	1100	46	1146	1350	19	28
	Producers	438	0	40	478	750	75	61	25
VII	Wholesalers	0	750	76	826	1000	25	39
	Producers	438	0	80	518	800	73	53	27
VIII	Retailers	0	800	45	845	1100	27	47
	Producers	438	0	80	518	900	72	57	28
IX	S. Vendors	0	900	65	965	1250	28	43
X	Producers	438	0	110	548	800	252	100	100

Source: Authors’ computation from survey result (2022); PC-Production Cost; PP-Purchasing Price; MC-Marketing cost; TC-Total Cost; SP-Selling Price; GMM-Gross Marketing Margin; PS-Profit Share; TGMM-Total Gross Marketing Margin

Oromia Finance and Economic Development Bureau (OFEDB). (2015). Physical and socio-Economic profile of Sebeta Hawas Woreda.

 Google Scholar

Data availability statement

Data can be made available based on reasonable request