Status of food insecurity and its determinants by smallholder farmers in Shashogo district, Hadiya zone, Central Ethiopia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Source: Adapted from global food security index, 2022.

Figure 2. Conceptual frames of food security and determinants factors.

Adapted source (FAO, 2015).

Figure 3. Map of study area.

Table 1. Description of land coverage.

Description	Initial stage (1973)		Final stage (2019)		Change in area ha	Change in %
	Area in ha	%	% from total area ha	%
Total area	35,329
Total cultivable	4,516.92	12.788	20,872	59.295	16,425.63	46.5
Grazing area	7,596.63	21.5086	3,053.7	8.64606	−4,542.93	−12.854
Wet grassland	6,845.200002	19.3811	1,340.0	3.79402	−5,505.21	−15.586
Bush cover	15,758.37	44.6173	5,611.4	15.8878	−10,146.96	−28.722
Bare land	109.17	0.30909	1,230.9	3.48518	1,121.71	3.1763
Water bodies	43.2	0.1223	1,638.9	4.64028	1,596.6	4.517969
Swamp	449.46	1.27257	1,541.7	4.3650	1,092	3.093

Source: Shashogo woreda land resource management, 2022.

Table 2. Distribution of sample size based on agro-ecology.

Kebele	Agro-ecology	Total hh per kebele	Sample size	% Of sample at precision level 0.6%
Ajacho Boyo	low land	282	50	21.67
KamachoBarare	lowland	323	57	24.82
HuleGutancho	Mid highland	275	48	21.13
Alage	Mid highland	421	74	32.35
total		1301	229	100

Table 3. Availability of food to household in the last a month (HFIAS).

No	Occurrence questions	If yes how often did this happen?
1	In the past four weeks, did you worry that your household would not have enough food? 1. Yes 2. no	0 = Never, 1 = Rarely, 2 = Sometimes 3 = Often
2	In the past four weeks, were you or any household member not able to eat the kinds of foods you preferred because of a lack of resources? 1. Yes 2. no	0 = Never, 1 = Rarely, 2 = Sometimes 3 = Often
3	In the past four weeks, did you or any household member have to eat a limited variety of foods due to a lack of resources? 1. Yes 2. no	0 = Never, 1 = Rarely, 2 = Sometimes 3 = Often
4	In the past four weeks, did you or any household member have to eat some foods that you really did not want to eat because of a lack of resources to obtain other types of food? 1. Yes 2. no	0 = Never, 1 = Rarely, 2 = Sometimes 3 = Often
5	In the past four weeks, did you or any household member have to eat a smaller meal than you felt you needed because there was not enough food? Yes/ no	0 = Never, 1 = Rarely, 2 = Sometimes 3 = Often
6	In the past four weeks, did you or any other household member have to eat fewer meals in a day because there was not enough food? 1. Yes 2. No	0 = Never, 1 = Rarely, 2 = Sometimes 3 = Often
7	In the past four weeks, was there ever no food to eat of any kind in your household because of lack of resources to get food? 1. Yes 2. No	0 = Never, 1 = Rarely, 2 = Sometimes 3 = Often
8	In the past four weeks, did you or any household member go to sleep at night hungry because there was not enough food? 1. Yes 2. no	0 = Never, 1 = Rarely, 2 = Sometimes 3 = Often
9	In the past four weeks, did you or any household member go a whole day and night without eating anything because there was not enough food? 1. Yes 2. No	0 = Never, 1 = Rarely, 2 = Sometimes 3 = Often

Table 4. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.

General characteristics		Number	Percentage
Gender of HH	Male	166	72.5%
	Female	63	27.5%
Marriage status	Singe	3	1.3%
	Married	188	82.1%
	Widowed	32	14.0%
	Divorced	6	2.6%
Wealth status	Rich	47	20.5%
	Medium	105	45.9%
	Poor	77	33.6%
Education status	Not followed	95	41.5%
	Primary	103	45.0%
	Secondary	31	13.5%

Survey, 2022.

Table 5. Socio-economic characteristics of households.

	Minimum	Maximum	Average	Std. Dev
Age	27.00	70.00	49.8646	6.51409
Total number child	.00	12.00	4.6201	1.99115
Land size in hectares	.20	5.00	1.4352	.94527
Household annual income	1,000	120,000	22,412.2	27,273.5

Figure 4. Condition of food availability in the last 12 months in 2021.

Table 6. Household food insecurity access scale.

In one month	household food insecurity level
	Yes %	No %	Never %	Rarely %	Sometimes %	Often %
Anxious there is not enough food	82.1	17.9	7.9	32.8	30.6	28.8
Unable to eat food preferred	86	14	4.4	32.8	24.9	38
Have to eat limited variety of food	83.4	16.6	8.3	22.3	38.0	31.4
Eat food do not want to eat	81.2	18.8	17.5	24.5	31.4	26.6
Meal lower food than needed	81.7	18.3	18.3	16.2	36.7	28.8
Eat minimum food	81.2	18.8	18.3	23.6	37.6	20.5
no food to eat of any kind	73.8	26.2	25.8	24.9	16.2	33.2
sleep without having food at night	48.5	51.5	44.1	48.9	5.7	1.3
Went whole day without eating	45.9	54.1	59.8	33.6	5.2	1.3

Table 7. Extent of food insufficient months in 2022.

Duration of food insufficient	No. resp	%	No. resp mid high land	%	No. resp low land	%
September-December	15	8.5	4	6.5	11	9.6
January-April	41.0	23.2	17	27.4	24	20.9
May-August	121	68.4	41	66.1	80	69.6
Total	177	100	62	100	115	100
Sample size				229
Total food in secured group among respondents				77.3
Food insecure in mid highland				35
Food in secured in lowland				65

Figure 5. Root cause of food in/security.

Table 8. Food security determinant factors.

	B	S.E	WALD	Df	SIG	EXP(B)
Household size	−.245	.210	1.360	1	.243	.783
Wealth status	.120	.692	.030	1	.862	1.128
Education status	.855	.545	2.459	1	.117	2.351
Age	.012	.043	.080	1	.778	1.012
Sex	−1.9	1.150	2.739	1	.098*	.149
Land size	1.212	.632	3.677	1	.045**	3.362
Annual income	.000	.000	.673	1	.412	1.000
Use of small scale irrigation to grow crop	2.779	.832	11.150	1	.001***	16.097
Livestock ownership	2.302	.798	8.324	1	.004***	9.993
Participation in nonfarm activities	4.552	.979	21.633	1	.000***	94.808
Constant	−16.2	4.016	16.369	1	.000***	.000

*Indicates significant trend at α=.1, **indicates significant trend at α=.05, ***indicates significant trend at α =.01 level.

Source: Field survey, 2022.

Table 9. Coping mechanisms of smallholder farmers.

Cope up during food shortage months	Frequency	Percentage
Purchase of grain from market	93	40.6
Food aid	9	3.9
Food/Cash from work	9	3.9
Support from relatives	21	9.2
Credit cash	4	1.7
income from off-farm	63	27.5
Income from non-farm	5	2.2
Sale animals and animal products	25	10.9
Total respondents	229	100.0

FAO. (2015). Climate change and food security: risks and responses food.

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