Factors affecting employee job satisfaction: A comparative study of conventional and Islamic insurance

Figures & data

Figure 1. Research model.

Table 1. Demographic statistics

	Conventional insurance			Takāful
	Frequency	% age	Cum F (%)	Frequency	% age	C. F (%)
Gender
Male	100	75.2	75.2	159	85.9	85.9
Female	33	24.8	100	26	14.1	100
Education
Matriculation	15	11.3	11.3	1	0.5	0.5
Intermediate	33	24.8	36.1	27	14.6	19.6
Graduation	58	43.6	79.7	97	52.4	67.5
Postgraduate	27	20.3	100	60	32.5	100
Age group
20 or Less	5	3.8	3.8	4	2.2	2.2
21–30 Y	58	43.6	47.4	70	37.8	40.0
31–40 Y	44	33.1	80.5	70	37.8	77.8
41–50 Y	18	13.5	94	38	20.5	98.4
Above 50 Y	8	6	100	3	1.6	100

Table 2. Descriptive statistics

Variable		Takāful				Conventional insurance
		Mean	Std. deviation	Skewness	Kurtosis	Mean	Std. deviation	Skewness		Kurtosis
Job satisfaction	3.529		0.943	−0.410	−0.491	3.947	0.874	−0.391	−0.843
Motivators	3.693		0.558	0.551	−0.105	4.012	0.727	−1.011	1.373
Hygiene factors	3.561		0.551	0.733	0.982	3.855	0.788	−0.495	−0.036
Shari’ah perception	4.148		0.517	−0.231	0.057	3.424	0.574	0.165	−0.581

Notes: Here we present the mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis result for both insurance and Takāful. Mean values represent the central tendencies of all variable. Standard deviation represents dispersion from mean values while skewness and kurtosis represent the normality of distributions.

Table 3. Takāful correlations

	Job satisfaction	Motivators	Hygiene factors	Shari’ah perception
Job satisfaction	1.000
Motivators	0.393***	1.000
Hygiene factors	0.423***	0.571***	1.000
Shari’ah perception	0.103***	0.157***	0.016***	1.000

*** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed).

Table 4. Conventional insurance correlations

	Job satisfaction	Motivators	Hygiene factors	Shari’ah perception
Job satisfaction	1.000
Motivators	0.634***	1.000
Hygiene factors	0.661***	0.653***	1.000
Shari’ah perception	0.111***	0.169***	0.143***	1.000

*** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed).

Table 5. Reliability statistics

Construct	Cronbach’s α (Insurance)	Cronbach’s α (Takāful)	No. of items
Jobs satisfaction	0.878	0.871	4
Motivators	0.802	0.948	14
Hygiene factors	0.950	0.939	17
Shari’ah perception	0.602	0.698	6

Table 6. Model summaries

Model	R	R^2	Adjusted R^2	F-value	Change statistics			Durbin-Watson
					R^2 change	F-change	Sig. F-change
1. Takāful	0.465	0.217	0.203	15.391***				1.747
	0.488	0.238	0.215	10.322***	0.022	2.347	0.099*	1.793
2. Insurance	0.713	0.508	0.496	42.677***				1.984
	0.714	0.509	0.489	25.311***	0.001	0.144	0.866	1.985

Notes: Model 1 represents the both multiple and moderation regression models’ summaries for Takāful. Model 2 represents the both multiple and moderation regression models’ summaries for conventional insurance. We used standardized variable (motivators, hygiene factors, Shari’ah perception, and job satisfaction) to avoid the multi-colinearity issue.

* Significant at 10%.

*** Significant at 1%.

Table 7. Hierarchal regression analysis

Models		Takāful			Conventional insurance
		Unstandardized coefficients (B)		Standardized coefficients (β)	Unstandardized coefficients (B)	Standardized coefficients (β)
Model 1	Constant		0.016		0.006
	Motivators		0.242**	0.210**	0.350***	0.354***
	Hygiene factors		0.324***	0.301***	0.436***	0.431***
	Shari’ah perception		0.066	0.065	−0.010	−0.010
Model 2	Constant		0.033		0.001
	Motivators		0.253**	0.220**	0.349***	0.353***
	Hygiene factors		0.332***	0.309***	0.442***	0.437***
	Shari’ah perception		0.014	0.014	−0.019	−0.019
	SP*Mot		−0.174	−0.132	0.021	0.018
	SP*HF		0.218**	0.205**	0.025	0.022

Notes: Model 1 represents multiple regression analysis and Model 2 represents moderation analysis. Here, dependent variable is job satisfaction. SP*HF represents the interaction term between hygiene factors and Shari’ah perception. SP*Mot represents the interaction term between motivators and Shari’ah perception in both conventional insurance and Takāful cases. We used standardized variable (motivators, hygiene factors, Shari’ah perception, and job satisfaction) to avoid the multi-colinearity issue.

* Significant at 10%.

** Significant at 5%.

*** Significant at 1%.

Table 8. Hypotheses results summary

Sr.#	Hypothesis	Decision
1	HA1: There is a positive relationship between hygiene factors and job satisfaction in conventional Insurance	Accepted
2	HA2: There is a positive relationship between hygiene factors and job satisfaction in Takāfu	Accepted
3	HB1: There is a positive relationship between motivators and job satisfaction in conventional insurance	Accepted
4	HB2: There is a positive relationship between motivators and job satisfaction in Takāful	Accepted
5	HC1: Shari’ah perception acts as a moderator between the relationship of hygiene factors and job satisfaction in Takāful	Accepted
6	HC2: Shari’ah perception acts as a moderator between the relationship of hygiene factors and job satisfaction in conventional insurance	Rejected
7	HD1: Shari’ah perception acts as a moderator between the relationship of motivators and job satisfaction in Takāful	Rejected
8	HD2: Shari’ah perception acts as a moderator between the relationship of motivators and job satisfaction in conventional insurance	Rejected