Impact of Taqwa (Islamic piety) on employee happiness: A study of Pakistan’s banking sector

Figures & data

Figure 1. Hypothesized model.

Table 1. Components of Taqwa based on characteristics of Motaqeen (adopted from Kamil, 2012; Mohsen, 2007; Bhatti, 2015)

Taqwa (Islamic Piety)	Islamic Spirituality (IS) Belief (Iman) Rituals (Ibadat): prayer, fasting, zakat, and hajj. Repentance—seeking God’s forgiveness Remembrance of God
	Islamic Social Responsibility (ISR) Patience Emotional control Forgiveness Sadaqah Justice Integrity Fulfilment of the covenant Truthfulness Love of family Guarding chastity

Table 2. Coefficients: Multiple regression analysis (IS)

Model		Unstandardized Coefficients		Standardized Coefficients	T	Sig.
		B	Std. Error	Beta
1	(Constant)	0.000	0.039		0.000	1.000
	Islamic Spirituality (Belief)	0.471	0.040	0.471	11.917	0.000
2	(Constant)	0.000	0.037		0.000	1.000
	Islamic Spirituality (Belief)	0.471	0.037	0.471	12.569	0.000
	Islamic Spirituality (Remembrance of God)	0.283	0.037	0.283	7.546	0.000
3	(Constant)	0.000	0.035		0.000	1.000
	Islamic Spirituality (Belief)	0.471	0.035	0.471	13.293	0.000
	Islamic Spirituality (Remembrance of God)	0.283	0.035	0.283	7.981	0.000
	Islamic Spirituality (Rituals)	0.274	0.035	0.274	7.745	0.000

a. Dependent Variable: Happiness

Table 3. Coefficients: Multiple regression analysis (ISR)

Model		Unstandardized Coefficients		Standardized Coefficients	T	Sig.
		B	Std. Error	Beta
1	(Constant)	0.000	0.038		0.000	1.000
	Islamic social responsibility ISR (Sadaqah)	0.533	0.038	0.533	14.076	0.000
2	(Constant)	0.000	0.035		0.000	1.000
	Islamic social responsibility ISR (Sadaqah)	0.533	0.035	0.533	15.272	0.000
	Islamic social responsibility ISR (Truthfulness)	0.330	0.035	0.330	9.445	0.000
3	(Constant)	0.000	0.033		0.000	1.000
	Islamic social responsibility ISR (Sadaqah)	0.533	0.033	0.533	16.156	0.000
	Islamic social responsibility ISR (Truthfulness)	0.330	0.033	0.330	9.992	0.000
	Islamic social responsibility ISR (Fulfillment of the covenant)	0.256	0.033	0.256	7.760	0.000
4	(Constant)	0.000	0.032		0.000	1.000
	Islamic social responsibility ISR (Sadaqah)	0.533	0.032	0.533	16.839	0.000
	Islamic social responsibility ISR (Truthfulness)	0.330	0.032	0.330	10.415	0.000
	Islamic social responsibility ISR (Fulfillment of the covenant)	0.256	0.032	0.256	8.088	0.000
	Islamic social responsibility ISR (Emotional control)	0.210	0.032	0.210	6.623	0.000
5	(Constant)	0.000	0.031		0.000	1.000
	Islamic social responsibility ISR (Sadaqah)	0.533	0.031	0.533	17.170	0.000
	Islamic social responsibility ISR (Truthfulness)	0.330	0.031	0.330	10.619	0.000
	Islamic social responsibility ISR (Fulfillment of the covenant)	0.256	0.031	0.256	8.247	0.000
	Islamic social responsibility ISR (Emotional control)	0.210	0.031	0.210	6.753	0.000
	Islamic social responsibility ISR (Patience)	0.141	0.031	0.141	4.541	0.000

a. Dependent Variable: PCA Happiness

Table 4. Summary of main findings of study

H(X)	Hypothesis	Beta values (β) with p-value	Findings
H1	Taqwa has a positive impact on employee happiness.	P < .001	Supported
H1.1	Islamic spirituality has a positive impact on employee happiness.	Β = .47; P < .001	Supported
H1.2	Islamic social responsibility has a positive impact on employee happiness.	β = .53; P < .001	Supported

Kamil, N. M. (2012). Organizational citizenship behavior from Islamic Perspective and the role of Taqwa: Empirical analysis of business organizations in Malaysia (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.

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Mohsen, N. R. M. (2007). Leadership from the Qur’an, operationalization of concepts and empirical analysis: Relationship between Taqwa, trust and business leadership effectiveness (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

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Bhatti, O. K. (2015). The impact of Taqwa on workplace deviance (Doctoral dissertation). Kulliyyah of Economics and Management Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia.

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