Toward a mandatory public e-services in Jordan

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of obstacles hindering imposing e-services

Obstacles	Context	Reference
Speed of transformation; Implementing Government to Citizens (G2C) transactions; Privacy and Security issues	Jordan	Al-Taher (2009)
Corruption, bureaucracy; lack of general strategy; awareness	Jordan	Al-Qudwa (2010)
Digital divide; e-literacy; permanent availability and preservation; education and marketing; collaboration; benchmarking	Jordan	Al-Mubaydheen (2011)
Resisting change; lack of legislations; lack of budget; lack of public awareness; lack of transparency; lack of progressive transformation; limited internet service spread; low educational and cultural levels	Jordan	Kindilchie (2015)
Lack of strategic plans; Cultural difference; Trust issues; Finance; Political crisis; Lack of qualified personnel; IT infrastructure weakness; Corruption; Resistance to e-platform change; Lack of policy and regulations	Nigeria	Oseni et al. (2015)
Security risks; IT infrastructure barriers; overburdening of public administration employees; loss of personal contact to citizens	Germany	Wirtz, Weyerer, Thomas, and Möller (2017)
Service quality; information quality; IT infrastructures readiness; system quality	Jordan	Al-rawahna et al. (2018)
Language content (for expatriates); Quality; Appeal; Control and Savings; Personalization	Kuwait	Mirchandani et al. (2018)
Personal factors (Internet self-efficacy, education, income; Environmental factors (accessibility, raising awareness, security); Behavioral factors (Internet usage patterns or preferences)	UAE	Zhao, Naidu, and Wallis (2019)
Lack of specific technical; Expertise; Lack of timely support by; Stakeholders; Lack of motivation among working teams; National legislation	Bulgaria	Daskalova (2019)

Figure 1. E-Government Development Index (EGDI) for Jordan

Source: Developed by the author.

Figure 2. The structure of Jordanian E-government Program

Source: Adopted from Al-Mubaydheen (2011)

Figure 3. Screen print of tax department webpage

Source: https://www.istd.gov.jo.

Figure 4. Screen print of civil status and passport department webpage

Source: http://www.cspd.gov.jo.

Figure 5. Screen print of customs department webpage

Source: https://www.customs.gov.jo.

Table 2. Results of analyzing three public WebPages

		E-service type			E-services Lunching date	E-services Language Availability Content	Statistics about e-services’ users
		Mandatory e-services	Optional e-services	Tangible-Optional e-services
Gov. Department	Tax Dep.	None	42	User name Password Signature	2005	Content is available in Arabic with moderate availability in English	Not available
	Customs Dep.	None	38	User name Password Signature	2006	Content is available in Arabic with very limited availability in English	Not available
	Civil Status & Passport Dep.	None	8	User name Password Fingerprints Eye print Signature Receiving documents	2008	Content is available in Arabic with scarce availability in English	Not available

Figure 6. The Proposed Conceptual Model

Source: Developed by the author.

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