Tourist satisfaction-loyalty Nexus in Tigrai, Ethiopia: Implication for sustainable tourism development

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study area map

Source: Prepared by the corresponding author, 2019

Table 1. Descriptive statistics (Tourist satisfaction & loyalty)

Items	Mean	SD
SAT1: Attractiveness of the destination	3.76	1.273
SAT2: Hospitability of the local residents	3.79	1.148
SAT3: Tourism staff treatment of tourists and local residents	3.51	1.197
SAT4: Reasonability of entrance fee to attraction sites	3.46	1.285
SAT5: Quality of information offered at attraction sites	3.34	1.277
SAT6: Safety and security of the destination	3.49	1.249
SAT7: Accessibility of the destination (in terms of physical distance, price, information)	3.29	1.242
SAT8: Accommodation (quality of food and drinks, customer handling, price fairness) in service sectors	3.21	1.338
DLO1: I have positive feeling to the destination	3.96	1.042
DLO2: I will share my positive feeling about the destination with other people	3.92	1.006
DLO3: I will recommend others to visit the destination	3.85	1.023
DLO4: I will revisit the destination in the very near future	3.62	1.044

Table 2. Results of exploratory factor analysis

Items	Components
	1	2
SAT1: Attractiveness of the destination	.617
SAT2: Hospitability of the local residents	.732
SAT3: Tourism staff treatment of tourists and local residents	.759
SAT4: Reasonability of entrance fee to attraction sites	.722
SAT5: Quality of information offered at attraction sites	.771
SAT6: Safety and security of the destination	.764
SAT7: Accessibility of the destination (in terms of physical distance, price, information)	.796
SAT8: Accommodation (quality of food and drinks, customer handling, price fairness) in service sectors	.738
DLO1: I have positive feeling to the destination		.897
DLO2: I will share my positive feeling about the destination with other people		.928
DLO3: I will recommend others to visit the destination		.905
DLO4: I will revisit the destination in the very near future		.764

Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.864, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy = 0.885, Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity (Approx. Chi-Square = 2534.167, Df = 66, Sig = 0.000

Table 3. Convergent validity test

Convergent Validity	TSAT	DLO
AVE >0.5	0.51	0.711
CR > 0.7	0.89	0.80
Decision	Established	Established

Note: AVE = Average Variance Extracted, CR = Composite Reliability, TSAT = Tourist Satisfaction, DLO = Destination Loyalty

Table 4. Discriminant validity test

Construct	Path	Construct	Estimate	R^2	AVE1 & AVE2	AVE > R^2
TSAT	<–>	DLO	0.25	0.060	0.51, 0.711	Achieved

Note: TSAT = Tourist Satisfaction, DLO = Destination Loyalty, AVE = Average Variance Extracted, R²⁼ Squared correlation Coefficient

Figure 2. CFA results

Note: SA1 = destination attractiveness, SA2 = hospitality of the local people, SA3 = Tour guides treatment of tourist and local people, SA4 = Reasonability of entrance fees to attraction sites, SA5 = quality of information offered at attraction sites, SA6 = Safety and security, SA7 = accessibility of destination, SA8 = accommodation quality, LO1 = I have positive feeling the destination, LO2 = I will share my positive feelings about the destination with other people, LO3 = I will recommend others to visit the destination, LO4 = I will revisit the destination in the very near future, and e1-e12 = error terms of the constructs in the model.

Table 5. Fitness indices

Name of Category	Name of Index	Level of Acceptance	Index value
Absolute fit	Chi-Square	P >.05	P = 0.000
	RMSEA	RMSEA between.03 and.08	RMSEA =.065
	GFI	GFI>.90	GFI =.941
Incremental fit	CFI	CFI >.90	CFI =.965
	TLI	TLI >.90	TLI =.957
	NFI	NFI >.90	NFI =.946
	IFI	IFI >.90	IFI = 0.966
Parsimonious fit	Chisq/df	Chisq/df <3.0	Chisq/df = 2.632

Note: RMSEA = Root Mean Square Estimation Approximation, GFI = Goodness Fit Index, CFI = Comparative Fit Index, TLI = Tucker Lewis Index, NFI = Normed Fit Index

Figure 3. SEM results

Note: SA1 = destination attractiveness, SA2 = hospitality of the local people, SA3 = Tour guides treatment of tourist and local people, SA4 = Reasonability of entrance fees to attraction sites, SA5 = quality of information offered at attraction sites, SA6 = Safety and security, SA7 = accessibility of destination, SA8 = accommodation quality, LO1 = I have positive feeling the destination, LO2 = I will share my positive feelings about the destination with other people, LO3 = I will recommend others to visit the destination, LO4 = I will revisit the destination in the very near future, and e1-e12 = error terms of the constructs in the model.