The moderating role of vendor managed inventory on the bullwhip effect in the COVID-19 pandemic

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual model.

Table 1. Sample characteristics

Respondent characteristics	N	%
Gender Male Female	73 27	73 27
Age 18–29 30-39 40–49 50-59 60–65	25 40 15 10 10	25 40 15 10 10
Experience 0–10 11-20 21–30 30+	35 45 10 10	35 45 10 10
Educational level Diploma certificate Degree certificate Degree + diploma certificate	35 40 25	35 40 25
Firm characteristics
Location CBD area Residential area Industrial area	10 10 80	10 10 80
Years in operation 0–10 11-20 20+	30 60 10	30 60 10

Table 2. Descriptives

Variable	VMI strategy	Postponement strategy	Mean	Std. Deviation	N
Overstocking	No VMI	No FP	29.7027	13.43475	37
		FP	8.5000	1.04319	18
		Total	22.7636	14.88221	55
	VMI	No FP	12.4286	9.92056	14
		FP	2.9355	1.38890	31
		Total	5.8889	7.08142	45
Obsolescence	No VMI	No FP	14.8649	4.06313	37
		FP	4.8889	.75840	18
		Total	11.6000	5.78824	55
	VMI	No FP	7.6429	1.15073	14
		FP	2.7742	1.28348	31
		Total	4.2889	2.59039	45
Stockholding costs	No VMI	No FP	13.1622	2.90128	37
		FP	6.4444	.70479	18
		Total	10.9636	3.98592	55
	VMI	No FP	5.0714	2.05555	14
		FP	1.4516	1.31247	31
		Total	2.5778	2.30108	45

Table 3. Multivariate tests

Effect		Value	F	Hypothesis df	Error df	Sig.	Partial Eta Squared	Observed Power
Intercept	Pillai’s Trace	.961	764.966	3.000	94.000	.000	.961	1.000
VMI strategy	Pillai’s Trace	.794	120.784	3.000	94.000	.000	.794	1.000
Postponement strategy	Pillai’s Trace	.841	165.589	3.000	94.000	.000	.841	1.000
VMI strategy * Postponement strategy	Pillai’s Trace	.402	21.040	3.000	94.000	.000	.402	1.000

Table 4. Univariate tests

Source	Dependent Variable	df	F	Sig.	Partial Eta Squared	Observed Power
VMI strategy	Overstocking	1	32.125	.000	.251	1.000
	Obsolescence	1	61.120	.000	.389	1.000
	Stockholding costs	1	196.673	.000	.672	1.000
Postponement strategy	Overstocking	1	59.362	.000	.382	1.000
	Obsolescence	1	155.036	.000	.618	1.000
	Stockholding costs	1	122.458	.000	.561	1.000
VMI strategy * Postponement strategy	Overstocking	1	8.932	.004	.085	.841
	Obsolescence	1	20.266	.000	.174	.994
	Stockholding costs	1	12.002	.001	.111	.929