Mediating role of socio-religious behavior on consumption pattern changes of middle-class Muslims: An analysis using SEM

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual model of the study.

Table 1. Demographic profile of the respondents

Item	Category	Frequency	Percent
Gender	Male	305	55 %
	Female	248	45 %
Age	20 yrs. to 29 yrs.	127	23 %
	30 yrs. to 39 yrs.	103	19 %
	40 yrs. to 49 yrs.	182	33 %
	50 yrs. to 59 yrs.	112	20 %
	60 yrs. to 69 yrs.	29	5 %
Martial status	Married	337	61 %
	Single	216	39 %
Education	Senior High School	112	20 %
	Diploma	13	2 %
	Bachelor’s	187	34 %
	Master’s	86	16 %
	Doctoral	24	4 %
	Others	131	24 %
Occupation	Lecturer/teacher	150	27 %
	Gov./non-Gov. Employee	30	5 %
	Military/police	6	1 %
	Enterprneur	95	18 %
	Farmer	185	33 %
	Others	87	16 %
Income/month	IDR 5,000,000 to 7,000,000	140	25 %
	> IDR 7,000,000 to 10,000,000	43	8 %
	> IDR 10,000,000 to 15,000,000	16	3 %
	> IDR 15,000,000	6	1 %
	Others	348	63 %

Table 2. Results of factor analysis

Factor/Indicator		Loading factor (≥0.70)	MSE (≥0.50)	KMO (≥0.50)	Bartlett’s test (≤0.05)	Eigen value (>1)	Variance (%)	Cumulative variance (%)
Y2: Consumption pattern changes				0.876	0.000	4.371	72.848	72.848
	Y2.1	0.821	0.880
	Y2.2	0.865	0.858
	Y2.3	0.851	0.870
	Y2.4	0.874	0.859
	Y2.5	0.861	0.881
	Y2.6	0.847	0.910
Y1: Socio-religious behavior				0.909	0.000	5.445	77.787	77.787
	Y1.1	0.833	0.932
	Y1.2	0.868	0.899
	Y1.3	0.914	0.905
	Y1.4	0.916	0.919
	Y1.5	0.892	0.918
	Y1.6	0.895	0.881
	Y1.7	0.853	0.915
X1: Religiosity				0.944	0.000	6.272	78.402	78.402
	X1.1	0.901	0.944
	X1.2	0.858	0.950
	X1.3	0.858	0.972
	X1.4	0.916	0.945
	X1.5	0.900	0.949
	X1.6	0.916	0.942
	X1.7	0.899	0.925
	X1.8	0.832	0.927
X2: Attitude				0.910	0.000	5.201	86.685	86.685
	X2.1	0.919	0.890
	X2.2	0.937	0.910
	X2.3	0.952	0.906
	X2.4	0.944	0.904
	X2.5	0.907	0.927
	X2.6	0.926	0.927
X3: Subjective norms				0.904	0.000	4.945	82.422	82.422
	X3.1	0.806	0.893
	X3.2	0.916	0.889
	X3.3	0.949	0.909
	X3.4	0.912	0.954
	X3.5	0.921	0.888
	X3.6	0.936	0.894
X4: Perceived behavioural control				0.894	0.000	4.444	74.063	74.063
	X4.1	0.896	0.838
	X4.2	0.900	0.847
	X4.3	0.884	0.915
	X4.4	0.846	0.928
	X4.5	0.821	0.932
	X4.6	0.814	0.934

Table 3. Results of test of goodness of fit before modification

Index	Cut-off value	Results	Notes
Chi Square	≤ 749.09 (df = 687; Sig. 5%)	4789.61	Unfit
Probability	≥ 0.05	0.000	Unfit
CMIN/DF	≤ 2.00	6.972	Unfit
RMSEA	≤ 0.05	0.104	Unfit
NFI	≥ 0.90	0.97	Fit
NNFI	≥ 0.90	0.97	Fit
CFI	≥ 0.90	0.98	Fit
IFI	≥ 0.90	0.98	Fit
GFI	≥ 0.90	0.69	Unfit
AGFI	≥ 0.90	0.65	Unfit

Table 4. Results of test of goodness of fit after modification

Index	Cut-off value	Results	Notes
Chi Square	≤ 749.09 (df = 687; Sig. 5%)	52.34	Fit
Probability	≥ 0.05	0.075	Fit
CMIN/DF	≤ 2.00	1.51	Fit
RMSEA	≤ 0.05	0.021	Fit
NFI	≥ 0.90	0.99	Fit
NNFI	≥ 0.90	0.97	Fit
CFI	≥ 0.90	1.00	Fit
IFI	≥ 0.90	1.00	Fit
GFI	≥ 0.90	0.98	Fit
AGFI	≥ 0.90	0.97	Fit

Table 5. Results of validity test

Indicator	Loading factor (≥0.50)	T-value (≥1.96)	Notes
Y2.2	0.83	22.08	Significant
Y2.5	0.86	23.02	Significant
Y1.4	0.88	24.79	Significant
Y1.7	0.81	22.18	Significant
X1.6	0.89	23.51	Significant
X1.8	0.80	20.49	Significant
X2.4	0.92	27.54	Significant
X2.6	0.93	28.07	Significant
X3.2	0.98	29.69	Significant
X3.3	0.88	24.89	Significant
X4.1	0.86	23.53	Significant
X4.4	0.79	20.90	Significant

Table 6. Results of reliability test

Variable	Construct reliability (CR) (≥0.70)	Average variance extracted (AVE) (≥0.50)
Y2	0.83	0.71
Y1	0.83	0.72
X1	0.84	0.72
X2	0.92	0.85
X3	0.93	0.87
X4	0.81	0.69

Table 7. Results of structural model assessment and hypothesis test

No	Causality relationship	Loading	T-statistic (≥1.96)	Results
A	Direct effect towards socio-religious behavior (Y1)
1	Religiosity (X1) -> socio-religious behavior (Y1)	0.12	2.42	Accepted
2	Attitude (X2) -> socio-religious behavior (Y1)	0.69	9.90	Accepted
3	Subjective norms (X3) -> socio-religious behavior (Y1)	0.01	0.17	Rejected
4	Perceived behavioural control (X4) -> socio-religious behavior (Y1)	0.10	1.27	Rejected
B	Direct effect towards consumption pattern changes (Y2)
1	Socio-religious behavior (Y1) -> consumption pattern changes (Y2)	0.53	5.08	Accepted
2	Religiosity (X1) -> consumption pattern changes (Y2)	0.09	1.57	Rejected
3	Attitude (X2) -> consumption pattern changes (Y2)	0.50	6.14	Accepted
4	Subjective norms (X3) -> consumption pattern changes (Y2)	−0.13	−1.93	Rejected
5	Perceived behavioural control (X4) -> consumption pattern changes (Y2)	0.32	3.17	Accepted
C	Mediating effect of socio-religious behavior (Y1)
1	Religiosity (X1) socio-religious behavior (Y1) -> consumption pattern changes (Y2)	0.06	2.18	Accepted
2	Attitude (X2) -> socio-religious behavior (Y1) -> consumption pattern changes (Y2)	0.36	4.49	Accepted
3	Subjective norms (X3) -> socio-religious behavior (Y1) -> consumption pattern changes (Y2)	0.00	0.17	Rejected
4	Perceived behavioural control (X4) -> socio-religious behavior (Y1) -> consumption pattern changes (Y2)	0.05	1.26	Rejected

Table

No	Variable	Measurement		Code
1	Consumption pattern changes (Y2)	1	I pay more attention to the halal and tayyib (healthy and good) necessities of my life after the Covid-19 pandemic	Y2.1
		2	I pay more attention to the future necessities of my household after the Covid-19 pandemic	Y2.2
		3	I pay more attention to helping society’s necessities in my neighborhood after the Covid-19 pandemic	Y2.3
		4	I pay more attention to the necessities of socio-religious activities in my neighborhood after the Covid-19 pandemic	Y2.4
		5	I pay more attention to my budget constraint to meet the necessities of my life and the future of my household after the Covid-19 pandemic	Y2.5
		6	I am not longer stingy and wasteful in meeting the necessities of my household after the Covid-19 pandemic	Y2.6
2	Socio-religious behavior (Y1)	7	Everyone should be responsible for his/her social life after the Covid-19 pandemic	Y1.1
		8	Everyone should be careful about his/her social life after the Covid-19 pandemic	Y1.2
		9	Everyone should not be wasteful any more in his/her social life after the Covid-19 pandemic	Y1.3
		10	Everyone should not be stingy any more in his/her social life after the Covid-19 pandemic	Y1.4
		11	Everyone should help each other for his/her social life after the Covid-19 pandemic	Y1.5
		12	Everyone should cooperate each other for his/her social life after the Covid-19 pandemic	Y1.6
		13	Everyone should stay in touch each other in his/her social life after the Covid-19 pandemic	Y1.7
3	Religiosity (X1)	14	I believe that there is no god but Allah (SWT)	X1.1
		15	I believe that Prophet Muhammad SAW is the last prophet	X1.2
		16	I pray (Sholat) regularly, five times a day	X1.3
		17	I fast regularly in the month of Ramadan	X1.4
		18	I pay zakat (fitrah and maal) every year if I fulfill the prescribed criteria	X1.5
		19	I perform/will perform hajj when I can afford to do so	X1.6
		20	I try to apply the teachings of Islam in my daily life	X1.7
		21	I stay away from earning through unlawful means	X1.8
4	Attitude (X2)	22	I make my consumption pattern care more about Maslahah (benefit) after the Covid-19 pandemic because it is a wise decision	X2.1
		23	I make my consumption pattern care more about Maslahah (benefit) after the Covid-19 pandemic because it is a positive decision	X2.2
		24	I make my consumption pattern care more about Maslahah (benefit) after the Covid-19 pandemic because it is a right decision	X2.3
		25	I make my consumption pattern care more about Maslahah (benefit) after the Covid-19 pandemic because it is a good decision	X2.4
		26	I make my consumption pattern care more about Maslahah (benefit) after the Covid-19 pandemic because it is an economical decision	X2.5
		27	I make my consumption pattern care more about Maslahah (benefit) after the Covid-19 pandemic because it is in accordance with Sharia (Islamic law)	X2.6
5	Subjective norms (X3)	28	I make my consumption pattern care more about Maslahah (benefit) after the Covid-19 pandemic because of Ulama’s interpretation (Islamic scholars) to recommend to do it	X3.1
		29	I make my consumption pattern care more about Maslahah (benefit) after the Covid-19 pandemic because of the recommendation of central or regional government	X3.2
		30	I make my consumption pattern care more about Maslahah (benefit) after the Covid-19 pandemic because of the recommendation of community leaders in my neighborhood	X3.3
		31	I make my consumption pattern care more about Maslahah (benefit) after the Covid-19 pandemic because of the recommendation of my family and relatives	X3.4
		32	I make my consumption pattern care more about Maslahah (benefit) after the Covid-19 pandemic because of the recommendation of my friends	X3.5
		33	I make my consumption pattern care more about Maslahah (benefit) after the Covid-19 pandemic because of the recommendation of community in my neighborhood	X3.6
6	Perceived behavioural control (X4)	34	I feel that making the consumption pattern care more about Maslahah (benefit) after the Covid-19 pandemic is easy to learn	X4.1
		35	I feel that making the consumption pattern care more about Maslahah (benefit) after the Covid-19 pandemic is easy to do	X4.2
		36	I feel that making the consumption pattern care more about Maslahah (benefit) after the Covid-19 pandemic can be done only by habit	X4.3
		37	I feel that making the consumption pattern care more about Maslahah (benefit) after the Covid-19 pandemic can be done only by experience	X4.4
		38	I feel that making the consumption pattern care more about Maslahah (benefit) after the Covid-19 pandemic does not require any special skill	X4.5
		39	I feel that making the consumption pattern care more about Maslahah (benefit) after the Covid-19 pandemic can be done only by every person	X4.6