Impact of empowerment and ICT on quality of work life: The mediating effect of trust climate

Figures & data

Figure 1. Proposed research model.

Table 1. Descriptive statistics and correlation coefficients

Constructs	Mean	SD	Employee Empowerment	ICT Support	Climate of Trust
Employee Empowerment	3.25	0.70
ICT Support	3.36	0.76	.29**
Climate of Trust	3.29	0.69	.45**	.48**
Quality of Work Life	2.98	0.76	.44**	.44**	.47**

Note: **p < 0.01 (1-tailed)

Table 2. Results of reliability and convergent validity

Constructs	Cronbach’s Alpha	Composite Reliability	Average Variance Extracted
Employee Empowerment	0.870	0.902	0.607
ICT Support	0.825	0.873	0.580
Climate of Trust	0.849	0.897	0.686
Quality of Work Life	0.972	0.974	0.575

Table 3. Results of Fornell-Larcker Criterion

Construct	Climate of Trust	Employee Empowerment	ICT Support	Quality of Work Life
Climate of Trust	0.828
Employee Empowerment	0.495	0.779
ICT Support	0.518	0.348	0.762
Quality of Work Life	0.508	0.507	0.529	0.758

Note: Values in bold represent the square root of AVE, and other entries represent the correlations

Table 4. Results of Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT)

Construct	Climate of Trust	Employee Empowerment	ICT Support	Quality of Work Life
Climate of Trust
Employee Empowerment	0.573
ICT Support	0.562	0.394
Quality of Work Life	0.513	0.517	0.523

Figure 2. Measurement model.

Table 5. Results of Inner VIF values

Construct	Climate of Trust	Quality of Work Life
Climate of Trust		1.616
Employee Empowerment	1.138	1.345
ICT Support	1.138	1.388

Figure 3. Bootstrapping results.

Table 6. Results of hypothesis testing

Hypothesized Relationship	Std. Beta	Std. Error	t-value	p-value	Decision
H1: EE→QWL	0.299	0.085	3.516	0.000**	Accepted
H2: ICT→QWL	0.326	0.078	4.166	0.000**	Accepted
H3: EE→CT	0.358	0.092	3.906	0.000**	Accepted
H4: ICT→CT	0.393	0.074	5.311	0.000**	Accepted
H5: CT→QWL	0.192	0.094	2.046	0.020**	Accepted

Note: Level of significance p < 0.05**

Note: EE = employee empowerment, ICT = ICT support, CT = climate of trust, QWL = quality of work life

Figure 4. R² and f² results.

Table 7. Results of coefficient of determination (R²), effect size (f²), and predictive relevance (Q²) testing

Endogenous Construct	Exogenous Construct	R^2	f^2	Q^2
Quality of Work Life	Employee Empowerment	0.421	0.115	0.209
	ICT Support		0.132
	Climate of Trust		0.039
Climate of Trust	Employee Empowerment	0.381	0.182	0.235
	ICT Support		0.220

Table 8. Results of mediation effect testing

Hypothesized Relationship	Std. Beta	Std. Error	t-value	p-value	5% LL	95% UL	Decision	Mediation type
H6:EE→CT→QWL	0.069	0.040	1.726	0.042**	0.018	0.151	Accepted	Partial
H7:ICT→CT→QWL	0.075	0.040	1.865	0.031**	0.017	0.150	Accepted	Partial

Note: Level of significance p < 0.05**

Note: Hypothesis is supported when there is no zero between LL and UL

Note: EE = employee empowerment, ICT = ICT support, CT = climate of trust, QWL = quality of work life

Table 9. Summary of the results of control variables

Constructs	Std. Beta	Std. Error	t value
Gender→ QWL	0.040	0.144	0.444
Age→ QWL	−0.089	0.142	−0.708
Marital Status→ QWL	−0.195	0.078	−2.157
Education→ QWL	0.209	0.116	2.378
Experience→QWL	0.216	0.103	1.707

Note: Level of significance p < 0.05**

Table

Component	Initial Eigenvalues			Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings
	Total	% of Variance	Cumulative %	Total	% of Variance	Cumulative %
1	20.114	40.227	40.227	20.114	40.227	40.227
2	4.806	9.612	49.839	4.806	9.612	49.839
3	4.298	8.596	58.435	4.298	8.596	58.435
4	2.205	4.410	62.845	2.205	4.410	62.845
5	1.418	2.836	65.682	1.418	2.836	65.682
6	1.231	2.462	68.144	1.231	2.462	68.144
7	1.166	2.332	70.475	1.166	2.332	70.475
8	1.062	2.124	72.599	1.062	2.124	72.599
9	.967	1.933	74.532
10	.956	1.912	76.444
11	.835	1.670	78.115
12	.802	1.604	79.718
13	.716	1.431	81.149
14	.678	1.357	82.506
15	.637	1.274	83.780
16	.606	1.211	84.992
17	.585	1.169	86.161
18	.546	1.092	87.253
19	.475	.951	88.204
20	.432	.864	89.067
21	.409	.817	89.885
22	.399	.798	90.682
23	.364	.729	91.411
24	.350	.699	92.110
25	.318	.635	92.745
26	.299	.599	93.344
27	.286	.571	93.915
28	.260	.521	94.436
29	.254	.508	94.944
30	.235	.471	95.414
31	.209	.419	95.833
32	.204	.408	96.242
33	.195	.390	96.632
34	.164	.328	96.960
35	.156	.312	97.271
36	.154	.307	97.578
37	.145	.290	97.869
38	.137	.275	98.143
39	.119	.237	98.381
40	.114	.227	98.608
41	.111	.223	98.831
42	.092	.184	99.015
43	.085	.171	99.185
44	.077	.153	99.339
45	.072	.144	99.483
46	.067	.134	99.617
47	.059	.118	99.734
48	.051	.101	99.836
49	.044	.087	99.923
50	.039	.077	100.000

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis

Table

Items/Indicators		Outer loadings	Cross-loadings
			EE	ICT	CT	QWL
EE1	I am allowed to do almost anything to perform a high-quality job.	0.763	0.763	0.169	0.330	0.363
EE2	I have the authority to correct problems in my job when they occur.	0.821	0.821	0.332	0.324	0.507
EE3	I have a lot of control and freedom over how I do my job.	0.849	0.849	0.253	0.406	0.452
EE5	I do not need to get management’s approval before I handle problems.	0.663	0.663	0.161	0.384	0.129
EE6	I am encouraged by the management to deal with job-related problems by myself.	0.767	0.767	0.227	0.335	0.340
EE7	I can take charge of problems that require immediate attention in the hotel.	0.800	0.800	0.408	0.513	0.468
ICT1	The information and communication system of the organization is modern and updated.	0.723	0.275	0.723	0.203	0.309
ICT2	I can access the information system at anytime from anywhere.	0.758	0.166	0.758	0.269	0.409
ICT3	The organization has a superior information storage capacity for further use.	0.832	0.308	0.832	0.449	0.406
ICT4	The information system is linked with other information sources for collecting new knowledge/information.	0.678	0.291	0.678	0.378	0.175
ICT5	My organization allocates the devices and equipment (internet, smartphone/computer, etc.) for accessing information and communicating with others.	0.806	0.288	0.806	0.545	0.573
CT1	There is a very high level of trust throughout this organization.	0.769	0.447	0.325	0.769	0.285
CT2	In this organization, subordinates have a great deal of trust for managers.	0.833	0.356	0.397	0.833	0.360
CT3	If someone in this organization makes a promise, others within the organization will almost always trust that the person will do his or her best to keep the promise.	0.875	0.441	0.436	0.875	0.358
CT4	Managers in this company trust their subordinates to make good decisions.	0.831	0.402	0.517	0.831	0.606
QWL1	Adequate remuneration	0.766	0.441	0.453	0.301	0.766
QWL2	Timely payment of salaries and allowances	0.604	0.283	0.446	0.441	0.604
QWL3	Continuous review of pay based on response to change in cost of living	0.736	0.332	0.430	0.355	0.736
QWL5	Fair and unbiased promotion system	0.822	0.289	0.361	0.450	0.822
QWL6	Fair remuneration	0.820	0.430	0.385	0.326	0.820
QWL7	Rewards for good work	0.745	0.401	0.300	0.248	0.745
QWL8	Adequate and comprehensive grade and pay structures	0.817	0.283	0.286	0.354	0.817
QWL9	Appropriately implemented allowances and benefits (location allowance, overtime and shift payments)	0.706	0.193	0.425	0.314	0.706
QWL10	Adequate employee benefits	0.819	0.330	0.408	0.428	0.819
QWL11	Fair financial incentive plan	0.750	0.328	0.212	0.205	0.750
QWL12	Above-average industry median salary	0.662	0.394	0.198	0.136	0.662
QWL13	Reward management procedures and policies	0.794	0.460	0.293	0.288	0.794
QWL14	Stability of employment	0.833	0.246	0.415	0.472	0.833
QWL15	Satisfaction with present job	0.820	0.491	0.394	0.386	0.820
QWL16	Work position and prospects of career development	0.742	0.495	0.273	0.487	0.742
QWL17	Strict lay-off policies and faithfulness in implementing dismissal policies	0.735	0.261	0.423	0.372	0.735
QWL18	Supportive management and stimulating job and career opportunities	0.839	0.468	0.360	0.473	0.839
QWL19	Pride in work/company	0.869	0.431	0.506	0.448	0.869
QWL20	Satisfaction with career opportunities	0.753	0.540	0.320	0.419	0.753
QWL22	Opportunity for management and operational decision making	0.726	0.618	0.374	0.391	0.726
QWL23	Frequency and sufficiency of relevant and targeted training programmes	0.763	0.412	0.515	0.423	0.763
QWL24	Training programmes aimed at improving interpersonal etc. skills	0.774	0.374	0.461	0.453	0.774
QWL25	Training programmes focusing on employee requirements to ensure promotion within	0.790	0.282	0.421	0.378	0.790
QWL28	Non-availability of home-life balance programmes	0.728	0.180	0.158	0.236	0.728
QWL29	Flexibility in performing work responsibilities	0.627	0.458	0.186	0.260	0.627
QWL31	Salubrious (healthy) work environment	0.665	0.392	0.405	0.248	0.665
QWL32	Continuous risk assessment and safety inspections in the organization	0.722	0.341	0.704	0.514	0.722
QWL34	Safety measures/policies at work	0.730	0.344	0.587	0.557	0.730

Note: Scores of non-shaded areas represent the indicators’ cross-loadings