Sustainable performance based on entrepreneurship, innovation, and green HRM in e-Business Firms

Figures & data

Figure 1. Research model.

Table 1. The dependent and independent variables and questionnaire questions

The dependent and independent variables, questionnaire questions and references.
Entrepreneurship (Le et al., 2022; Seraj et al., 2022; Fazal et al., 2022; Ambad, Nabila & Wahab, 2016; Eggers et al., 2013; Al-Awlaqi et al., 2018).
The firm is keen to be proactive and initiative to improve performance.
The firm has the ability to determine the degree of risk for new opportunities.
The firm encourages employee empowerment.
(2)Innovation (Ahn, 2020; Latifi et al., 2021; Schaltegger et al., 2012).
The firm is keen to make drastic changes.
The firm adopts the new creative ideas presented by the workers without delay.
The firm encourages employees to adopt new methods in its operations.
(3)Green HRM (Zaid et al., 2018; Mousa & Othman, 2020; Obeidat et al., 2022; Al-Minhas et al., 2020; Tang et al., 2017; Wulandari & Nawangsari, 2021; Jamal et al., 2021).
The firm works to attract individuals with green competencies and skills.
Transformational training programs encourage firm employees to develop behaviors related to environmentally friendly aspects.
The firm provides financial and non-financial reward for the good environmental performance provided by the employees.
(4)Sustainable Performance (Le et al., 2022; Seraj et al., 2022; Fazal et al., 2022; Bhattacharya et al., 2019; Al-Abbadi, 2021; Angeloska Dichovska & Petkovska Mirchevska, 2016; Bi et al., 2017; Ray et al., 2013; Pakwihok et al., 2012; Smith & Lewis, 2011; Holtzblatt & Tschakert, 2011; Searcy, 201).
The firm seeks to increase its market share.
The firm’s policy is to minimize damage to natural resources.
The firm contributes to supporting the surrounding community.

Table 2. Shows the outcomes of the study tool’s reliability, validity, and correlation coefficient tests

			Reliability and Validity			Correlation Coefficients
Independent and dependent Variables	Items	Factor Loading	AVE	CR	Cronbach’s alpha	STR	SOT	GTR	SP
Entrepreneurship (EN)	EN1	0.847	0.686	0.862	0.812	1
	EN 2	0.803
	EN 3	0.835
Innovation (IN)	IN 4	0.857	0.727	0.889	0.854	0.317**	1
	IN 5	0.868
	IN 6	0.833
Green HRM (GH)	GH 7	0.839	0.693	0.871	0.807	0.187**	0.284**	1
	GH 8	0.891
	GH 9	0.762
Sustainable performance (SP)	SP1	0.889	0.725	0.888	0.855	0.346**	0.300**	0.287**	1
	SP2	0.803
	SP3	0.860

**The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy is 0.807, the Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity has a significance level of 0.000, and the correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Principal Component Analysis is the extraction technique. Varimax with Kaiser Normalization is the rotation method. In five iterations, the rotation converged. CMIN/DF = 1.15, GFI = 0.968, CFI = 0.949, RMSEA = 0.024; Total Variance Explained = 73.65.

Figure 2. Testing hypotheses.

Table 3. The study results of testing theories

Hypotheses				Unstandardized Estimates	Standardized Estimates	CR	P
H1	EN	→	SP	0.335	0.306	4.05	0.000
H2	IN	→	SP	0.188	0.152	2.04	0.042
H3	GH	→	SP	0.305	0.209	2.86	0.004

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