The catalytic role of self-regulation in the association of proactive personality with entrepreneurial intention among potential entrepreneurs

Figures & data

Figure 1. Theoretical framework.

Table 1. Measurement model.

Construct	Items	FL	CA (α)	CR	AVE
Entrepreneurial intention	EIQ1:	0.701	0.899	0.923	0.667
	EIQ2:	0.818
	EIQ3:	0.850
	EIQ4:	0.860
	EIQ5:	0.838
	EIQ6:	0.824
Proactive personality	PPQ1:	0.614	0.925	0.935	0.509
	PPQ10:	0.737
	PPQ11:	0.756
	PPQ12:	0.742
	PPQ14:	0.649
	PPQ15:	0.725
	PPQ16:	0.676
	PPQ17:	0.735
	PPQ2:	0.710
	PPQ4:	0.759
	PPQ5:	0.680
	PPQ6:	0.752
	PPQ8:	0.709
	PPQ9:	0.723
Self-regulation	SRQ10:	0.641	0.865	0.895	0.519
	SRQ2:	0.623
	SRQ3:	0.781
	SRQ4:	0.757
	SRQ6:	0.615
	SRQ7:	0.755
	SRQ8:	0.812
	SRQ9:	0.747

Figure 2. PLS-graph model.

Table 2. Discriminant validity - Fornell-Larcker criterion.

Constructs	1	2	3
1. EI	0.817
2. PP	0.757	0.713
3. SR	0.704	0.682	0.720

Note: Diagonal elements and italics are the square roots of the AVE of each construct.

Table 3. HTMT.

Construct	EI	PP	SR
EI
PP	0.825
SR	0.791	0.820

Table 4. Summary of correlation coefficients.

Constructs	PP	SR	EI
Proactive personality (PP)	1
Self-regulation (SR)	0.822**	1
Entrepreneurial intention (EI)	0.754**	0.688**	1

** Correlation is significant at level 0.01.

Table 5. Summary of mediation analysis.

Proactive personality (PP) n = 315
Model summary
R	R-sq	Se	F	Df1	Df2	p
0.8227	0.6768	0.1944	655.470	1.0000	313.0000	0.0000
Path			Coefficient		p-value
PP→SR (a)			0.8563		0.0000
SR→EI (b)			0.2573		0.0011
PP→EI (c)			0.9536		0.0000
PP→SR→EI (c’)			0.7332		0.0000
Effect					95 CI
					LLCI	ULCI
Total			0.9536		0.8616	1.0456
Direct			0.7332		0.5739	0.8926
Indirect			0.2204		0.0454	0.3803

Note: PP = proactive personality, SR = self-regulation, EI = entrepreneurial intention, CI = confidence interval, LL = lower level, and UL = upper level.

Figure 3. Simple mediation model.

Table 6. Research hypotheses and major findings.

No	Hypotheses	Statistical test employed	Major results	Findings
1.	H1: Proactive personality is positively associated to entrepreneurial intention among university graduates.	Correlation analysis	(β = 0.754, p = 0.000)	Accepted
2.	H2: Proactive personality and self-regulation are positively related among university graduates.	Correlation analysis	(β = 0.822, p = 0.000)	Accepted
3.	H3: Self-regulation is positively associated with entrepreneurial intention among university graduates.	Correlation analysis	(β = 0.688, p = 0.000)	Accepted
4.	H4: The association between proactive personality and entrepreneurial intention is mediated by self-regulation among university graduates.	Mediation analysis	(a = 0.8563, p = 0.0000) (b = 0.2573, p = 0.0010) (c = 0.9536, p = 0.000) (c’ = 0.7332, p = 0.000)	Partially accepted

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.