The mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation: the impact of entrepreneurship education and patriarchal culture on entrepreneurial intention among Indonesian university students

Figures & data

Figure 1. Research model.

Figure 2. Power results for required sample size.

Table 1. Variables and indicators.

Variables	Indicators
Entrepreneurial intention (Liñán & Chen, 2009)	Readiness to become an entrepreneur Efforts to start and run a business The determination to start a business
Gender	Male Female
Entrepreneurship education (Kusmintarti et al., 2016)	Increased need for achievement Improved internal locus of control Increased knowledge of business plans Increased knowledge of business opportunities Improved skills in business management
Entrepreneurship orientation (Fatima & Bilal, 2019)	Autonomy orientation Competitive aggressiveness Learning orientation Personal initiative Take a risk Performance Orientation Innovation
Patriarchal culture	The concept of patriarchal culture Involvement in decision making Future orientation

Table 2. Sample demographic background.

		Frequency	Percentage
Gender	Male	43	17.34
	Female	205	82.66
Educational background	Education major	162	65.32
	Non-education major	86	34.68
Tribe	Toba	121	48.79
	Jawa	52	20.97
	Mandailing	24	9.68
	Karo	19	7.66
	Simalungun	12	4.84
	Minang	7	2.82
	Melayu	6	2.42
	Aceh	2	0.81
	Nias	2	0.81
	Palembang	2	0.81
	Pak-pak	1	0.40

Table 3. Normality and homogeneity test.

	Kolmogorov–Smirnov			Shapiro–Wilk			Test of homogeneity of variance
	Statistic	df	Sig	Statistic	df	Sig	Levene statistic	df1	df2	Sig
Entrepreneurship education	0.030	248	0.200	0.987	248	0.028	4.269	1	246	0.040
Entrepreneurship orientation	0.091	248	0.000	0.905	248	0.000	1.380	1	246	0.241
Patriarchal culture	0.111	248	0.000	0.925	248	0.000	2.260	1	246	0.134
Entrepreneurial intention	0.117	248	0.000	0.903	248	0.000	1.005	1	246	0.317

Table 4. Results for convergent validity and internal consistency reliability.

Latent variable	Indicators	Convergent validity				Internal consistency reliability
		Standard deviations	Mean	Loadings	AVE	Standard deviations	Mean	Composite reliability	Cronbach’s alpha
Entrepreneurial intention	EI1	0.03	0.85	0.85	0.73	0.04	0.72	0.96	0.95
	EI2	0.03	0.79	0.79
	EI3	0.06	0.76	0.76
	EI4	0.02	0.90	0.90
	EI5	0.02	0.87	0.87
	EI6	0.02	0.90	0.90
	EI7	0.04	0.85	0.85
	EI8	0.03	0.87	0.87
	EI9	0.03	0.85	0.85
Entrepreneurship education	EE1	0.03	0.82	0.82	0.73	0.03	0.73	0.97	0.97
	EE2	0.02	0.87	0.87
	EE3	0.04	0.80	0.80
	EE4	0.05	0.83	0.84
	EE5	0.03	0.85	0.85
	EE6	0.04	0.86	0.86
	EE7	0.03	0.87	0.87
	EE8	0.04	0.83	0.83
	EE9	0.02	0.89	0.89
	EE10	0.02	0.89	0.89
	EE11	0.02	0.90	0.90
	EE12	0.06	0.81	0.81
Entrepreneurship orientation	EO1	0.06	0.66	0.67	0.61	0.04	0.61	0.96	0.95
	EO2	0.05	0.75	0.75
	EO3	0.04	0.81	0.80
	EO4	0.03	0.79	0.79
	EO5	0.05	0.75	0.76
	EO6	0.05	0.77	0.77
	EO7	0.03	0.85	0.86
	EO8	0.03	0.84	0.84
	EO9	0.05	0.77	0.78
	EO10	0.03	0.80	0.80
	EO11	0.03	0.80	0.80
	EO12	0.04	0.76	0.76
	EO13	0.07	0.77	0.77
	EO14	0.05	0.78	0.78
Patriarchal culture	PC3	0.23	0.65	0.78	0.58	0.16	0.50	0.94	0.94
	PC4	0.21	0.66	0.78
	PC5	0.25	0.58	0.71
	PC8	0.25	0.67	0.76
	PC9	0.23	0.63	0.71
	PC10	0.25	0.67	0.75
	PC11	0.25	0.73	0.82
	PC12	0.22	0.66	0.74
	PC13	0.23	0.74	0.84
	PC14	0.27	0.67	0.75
	PC15	0.23	0.66	0.74

Table 5. Result for discriminant validity – HTMT.

	1	2	3	4
1. Patriarchal culture	–
2. Entrepreneurial intention	0.074	–
3. Entrepreneurship orientation	0.083	0.799	–
4. Entrepreneurship education	0.063	0.799	0.882	–

Table 6. Result for structural model evaluation.

	Coefficient	Mean	Standard deviation	t values
r square	0.638	0.672	0.067	9.507
f square
Patriarchal culture -> Entrepreneurship orientation	0.020	0.037	0.028	0.736
Entrepreneurship orientation -> Entrepreneurial intention	0.159	0.192	0.110	1.448
Entrepreneurship education -> Entrepreneurial intention	0.165	0.201	0.131	1.254
Entrepreneurship education -> Entrepreneurship orientation	2.441	2.553	0.608	4.018
SRMR	0.077	0.054

Table 7. Hypothesis testing and main path coefficient.

No	Path	Beta coefficient	t Values	p Values	Significance (p < .05)
H1	Entrepreneurship education -> Entrepreneurial intention	0.414	3.084	.002	Confirm
H2	Entrepreneurship education -> Entrepreneurship orientation	0.850	28.473	.000	Confirm
H3	Entrepreneurship orientation -> Entrepreneurial intention	0.416	3.358	.000	Confirm
H4	Patriarchal culture -> Entrepreneurship orientation (all sample)	0.057	1.125	.261	Not confirm
	Patriarchal culture -> Entrepreneurship orientation (female sample)	0.090	1.424	.155	Not confirm
H5	Patriarchal culture -> Entrepreneurial intention (all sample)	−0.010	0.210	.834	Not confirm
	Patriarchal culture -> Entrepreneurial intention (female sample)	−0.002	0.034	.973	Not confirm
H6	Mediation of entrepreneurship orientation	0.383	2.970	.003	Confirm

Table 8. Differences in entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial intentions and patriarchal culture based on educational background.

Variable	Educational background	Median	Mann–Whitney U	Z	Asymp. sig. (two-tailed)
Entrepreneurship education	Education major	4.875	6394.000	−1.064	0.287
	Non-education major	5.042
Entrepreneurship orientation	Education major	5.857	6697.000	−0.501	0.617
	Non-education major	6.000
Entrepreneurial intention	Education major	5.889	6613.500	−0.657	0.511
	Non-education major	6.000
Patriarchal culture	Education major	2.654	6460.000	−0.942	0.346
	Non-education major	2.769

Table 9. Differences in entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial intentions and ­patriarchal culture based on gender.

Variable	Gender	Median	Mann–Whitney U	Z	Asymp. sig. (two-tailed)
Entrepreneurship education	Male	5.104	3490.000	−1.396	0.163
	Female	4.865
Entrepreneurship orientation	Male	5.929	3849.500	−0.487	0.626
	Female	5.929
Entrepreneurial intention	Male	6.000	3932.000	−0.279	0.780
	Female	5.889
Patriarchal culture	Male	3.462	2778.500	−3.198	0.001
	Female	2.538

Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and cross–cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593–617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x

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Kusmintarti, A., Thoyib, A., Maskie, G., & Ashar, K. (2016). Entrepreneurial characteristics as a mediation of entrepreneurial education influence on entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 19(1), 24–37.

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Fatima, T., & Bilal, A. R. (2019). Achieving SME performance through individual entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 12(3), 399–411. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-03-2019-0037

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Data availability statement

Data and materials are available on reasonable request.