Diversity-oriented leadership (DOL) as a predictor of employee advocacy (EA) in select fortune Indian companies: mediating effects of symmetrical internal communication (SIC) and work engagement (WE)

Figures & data

Table 1. Distribution of the study sample.

S. no	Company	Population	Ratio distribution	Sample size	Collected data
1.	Company A	2,36,334	400*(2,36,334/16,45,244)	57	59
2.	Company B	4,88,649	400*(4,88,649/16,45,244)	119	120
3.	Company C	35,927	400*(35,927/ 16,45,244)	9	12
4.	Company D	2,59,619	400*(2,59,619/ 16,45,244)	63	64
5.	Company E	2,01,665	400*(2,01,665/16,45,244)	49	51
6.	Company F	1,68,977	400*(1,68,977/16,45,244)	41	41
7.	Company G	1,20,093	400*(1,20,093/16,45,244)	29	31
8.	Company H	85,815	400*(85,815/16,45,244)	21	18
9.	Company I	21,000	400*(21000/16,45,244)	5	7
10.	Company J	27,165	400*(27,165/16,45,244)	7	10
		16,45,244		400	413

Table 2. Reliability and validity.

Constructs	No. of items	Cronbach alpha	Minimum	Maximum	Skewness	Kurtosis
DOL	4	0.925	1	5	−1.4	1.969
EA	3	0.906	1	5	−1.54	2.328
SIC	2	0.909	1	5	−1.454	1.931
WE	4	0.895	1	5	−1.251	1.564

Table 3. Description of the model.

Model	4
Y	EA
X	DOL
M1	SIC
M2	WE
Covariates	Age, Gender, Educational Qualifications, Company
Sample Size	413

Table 4. Model summary (outcome variable: SIC).

P	R	R-sq	MSE	F	df1	df2
0.0000	0.8222	0.6760	0.3396	169.8433	5	407
Model
	coeff	Se	t	p	LLCI	ULCI
constant	0.8441	0.2296	3.6761	0.0003	0.3927	1.2955
DOL	0.8463	0.0300	28.2362	0.0000	0.7874	0.9053
Age	0.0247	0.0311	0.7920	0.4288	−0.0366	0.0859
Gender	−0.0103	0.0590	−0.1746	0.8615	−0.1262	0.1056
EduQual	−0.0508	0.0336	−1.5115	0.1314	−0.1168	0.0153
Company	−0.0045	0.0126	−0.3596	0.7193	−0.0292	0.0202

Table 5. Model summary (outcome variable: WE).

P	R	R-sq	MSE	F	df1	df2
0.0000	0.8083	0.6534	0.3363	153.4509	5	407
Model
	Coeff	Se	t	P	LLCI	ULCI
Constant	0.9040	0.2285	3.9557	0.0001	0.4548	1.3533
DOL	0.7612	0.0298	25.5169	0.0000	0.7025	0.8198
Age	0.0570	0.0310	1.8389	0.0667	−0.0039	0.1179
Gender	−0.0651	0.0587	−1.1091	0.2681	−0.1805	0.0503
EduQual	0.0146	0.0334	0.4369	0.6624	−0.0511	0.0803
Company	−0.0476	0.0125	−3.8096	0.0002	−0.0722	−0.0231

Table 6. Model summary (outcome variable: EA).

P	R	R-sq	MSE	F	df1	df2
0.0000	0.8886	0.7897	0.2073	217.1987	7	405
Model
	coeff	Se	t	p	LLCI	ULCI
constant	0.3462	0.1839	1.8827	0.0605	−0.0153	0.7076
DOL	0.3184	0.0438	7.2678	0.0000	0.2323	0.4045
SIC	0.2405	0.0429	5.6068	0.0000	0.1562	0.3248
WE	0.3732	0.0431	8.6583	0.0000	0.2884	0.4579
Age	−0.0032	0.0244	−0.1312	0.8957	−0.0512	0.0448
Gender	−0.0148	0.0462	−0.3197	0.7493	−0.1055	0.0760
EduQual	0.0085	0.0264	0.3235	0.7465	−0.0433	0.0604
Company	−0.0190	0.0100	−1.8991	0.0583	−0.0387	0.0007

Table 7. Total effect model (outcome variable: EA).

P	R	R-sq	MSE	F	df1	df2
0.0000	0.8338	0.6953	0.2988	185.7486	5	407
Model
	coeff	Se	T	P	LLCI	ULCI
Constant	0.8865	0.2154	4.1154	0.0000	0.4631	1.3100
DOL	0.8060	0.0281	28.6630	0.0000	0.7507	0.8612
Age	0.0240	0.0292	0.8213	0.4120	−0.0334	0.0814
Gender	−0.0415	0.0553	−0.7506	0.4533	−0.1503	0.0672
EduQual	0.0018	0.0315	0.0562	0.9552	−0.0602	0.0637
Company	−0.0379	0.0118	−3.2139	0.0014	−0.0611	−0.0147

Table 8. Total, direct, and indirect effects of X on Y.

Total effect of X on Y
Effect	Se	T	P	LLCI	ULCI
0.8098	0.0279	29.0473	0.0000	0.7550	0.8646
Direct effect of X on Y
Effect	Se	T	P	LLCI	ULCI
0.3191	0.0436	7.3178	0.0000	0.2334	0.4048
Indirect effect (s) of X on Y
	Effect	BootSE	BootLLCI	BootULCI
Total	0.4907	0.0452	0.4035	0.5815
MeanSIC	0.2026	0.0526	0.0974	0.3037
MeanWE	0.2881	0.0503	0.1878	0.3851

Table 9. Mediation analysis summary.

Total effect	Direct effect			Confidence interval
(DOL ->EA	(DOL -> EA	Relationship	Indirect effect	Lower bound	Upper bound	t- statistics	Conclusion
0.8098 (0.000)	0.3191 (0.000)	H6: DOL->SIC->EA	0.2026	0.0974	0.3037	3.8517	Partial Mediation
		H7: DOL->WE->EA	0.2881	0.1878	0.3851	5.7276	Partial Mediation

Table 10. Descriptive statistics.

Demographic factors	Percentage
Gender
Male	57.1
Female	42.9
Age
18-24	15.7
25-34	47.7
35-44	25.4
45-54	8.2
55-64	2.9
Education
Bachelors’ degree	22.3
Masters’ degree or equivalent	51.3
Professional or doctorate degree	18.9
Job Tenure
Less than a year	22
1-3 years	31
4-6 years	23.2
7-9 years	14
10 years or more	9.7
Position in the Organisation
Executive/ Board members	2.7
Senior management	16.2
Middle management	39.7
Lower- level management	22.5
Entry- level employee	2.2
Experienced/ non-management	15
Other grades	1.7
Nature of the Company
Technology	66.7
Retail	14.3
Finance	11.9
Industrial/ Manufacturing	4.6
Energy/ Utilities	2.4
Number of Employees
5000-9999	13.1
10000 or more	78
Sample Size from Selected Companies
Company A	14.3
Company B	29.1
Company C	2.9
Company D	15.5
Company E	12.3
Company F	9.9
Company G	4.4
Company H	2.4
Company I	1.7

Table 11. Results of the mediation model.

Model	Result of mediation analysis
Diversity- Oriented Leadership > Symmetrical Internal Communication > Employee Advocacy	Symmetrical Internal Communication partially mediates the relationship of Diversity- Oriented Leadership and Employee Advocacy
Diversity- Oriented Leadership > Work Engagement > Employee Advocacy	Work Engagement partially mediates the relationship of Diversity- Oriented Leadership and Employee Advocacy

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.