Factors influencing the survival of under-five children among women visiting government health care facility in semi-urban communities in Nigeria

Figures & data

Table 1. Percent distribution of respondents’ socioeconomic and community characteristics

Variables	n = 545	%	Variables	n = 545	%
Mother’s Educational Attainment			Type of Dwelling
No education	6	1.1	Mud/Grass/Hut	10	1.8
Primary	157	28.8	One room	99	18.2
Secondary	191	35.1	Room and Parlor	157	28.8
Post-secondary	139	25.5	2/3-bedroom flat	258	47.3
Professional	52	9.54	Detached house/Mansion	21	3.9
Father’s Educational Attainment			No. of Persons living in the house
No education	33	6.1	1–2	88	16.2
Primary	48	8.8	3–4	273	50.1
Secondary	160	29.4	5–6	130	23.9
Post-secondary	144	26.4	7 and above	54	9.9
Professional	160	29.4	Toilet facility
Mother’s current age			Field/bush	7	1.3
20–24 years	83	15.2	Bucket toilet	25	4.6
25–30 years	217	39.8	Pit latrine	54	9.9
31–40 years	221	40.6	Flush toilet	459	84.2
41–44years	18	3.3	Source of Water Supply
45 and above years	6	1.1	Tap	49	9.0
Religious Affiliation			Borehole	325	59.6
Christianity	375	68.8	Covered-well	65	11.9
Islam	158	28.9	River/Stream	28	5.1
Traditional worshippers	12	2.2	Tanker-truck	78	14.3
Marital Status			Distance to Healthcare facility
Single	16	2.9	Not far/Trekable	151	27.7
Married	507	93.0	Far but trekable	152	27.9
Divorced/Separated	11	2.0	Very far	226	41.5
Widow	11	2.0	Don’t know	16	2.9
Mother’s Occupation			Assistance during the last birth
Not working	54	9.9	Doctor	176	32.3
Self employed	247	45.3	Nurses/Midwives	354	65.0
Civil/Public Servant	91	16.7	Traditional birth attendants	8	1.5
Private sector employee	82	15.1	Relatives	6	1.1
Farming	4	0.7	Other	1	0.2
Trading	59	10.8	Cost of treatment at HC facility
Artisan	8	1.5	Very expensive	77	14.1
Father’s Occupation			Expensive	164	30.1
Not working	25	4.6	Moderate	219	40.2
Self employed	194	35.6	Cheap	48	8.8
Civil/Public Servant	117	21.5	Very cheap	37	6.8
Private sector employee	120	22.0	Behavior of workers at the HCF
Farming	5	0.9	Very cordial	158	29.0
Trading	76	13.9	Cordial	209	38.4
Artisan	8	1.5	Indifferent	55	10.1
Child is alive			Not cordial	85	15.6
Yes	461	84.6	Not very cordial	38	7.0
No	84	15.4	Immunization Status
Duration of Breastfeeding			Complete	346	63.5
Below 6 months	132	24.2	Not complete	150	27.5
6–9 months	245	45.0	No immunization	49	9.0
10–12 months	74	13.6
Above 12 months	94	17.3

HC: Healthcare; HCF: Healthcare facility

Table 2. Percent distribution of respondents’ characteristics by child survival in Ado-odo/Ota

	Child is Alive
Variables	Yes	No	Chi-square/P-value
Knowledge about child preventable diseases
Yes	338 (87.6%)	48 (12.4%)	8.998; P = 0.003
No	123 (77.4%)	36 (22.6%)
Distance to Healthcare Facility
Not far/trekable	124 (82.1%)	27 (17.9%)	2.403; P = 0.493
Far but trekable	131 (86.2%)	21 (13.8%)
Very far	194 (85.8%)	32 (14.2%)
I don’t know	12 (75.0%)	4 (25.0%)
Mother’s Educational Attainment
No education	6 (100%)	0 (0%)	6.094; P = 0.192
Primary	136 (86.6%)	21 (13.4%)
Secondary	154 (80.6%)	37 (19.4%)
Post-secondary	123 (88.5%)	16 (11.5%)
Professional	42 (80.8%)	10 (19.2%)
Mother’s Occupation
Not working	44 (81.5%)	10 (18.5%)	9.702; P = 0.138
Self employed	204 (82.6%)	43 (17.4%)
Civil/Public Servant	80 (87.9%)	11 (12.1%)
Private Sector employee	77 (93.9%)	5 (6.1%)
Farming	3 (75.0%)	1 (25.0%)
Trading	46 (78.0%)	13 (22.0%)
Artisan	7 (87.5%)	1 (12.5%)
Religious Affiliation
Christianity	326 (86.9%)	49 (13.1%)	6.563; P = 0.038
Islam	124 (78.5%)	34 (21.5%)
Traditional worshippers	11 (91.7%)	1 (8.3%)
Father’s Educational Attainments
No education	24 (72.7%)	9 (27.3%)	7.783; P = 0.100
Primary	40 (83.3%)	8 (16.7%)
Secondary	132 (82.5%)	28 (17.5%)
Post-secondary	121 (84.0%)	23 (16.0%)
Professional	144 (90.0%)	16 (10.0%)
Mother’s Marital Status
Single	15 (93.8%)	1 (6.3%)	5.990; P = 0.112
Married	431 (85.0%)	76 (15.0%)
Divorced/Separated	8 (72.7%)	3 (27.3%)
Widowed	7 (63.6%)	4 (36.4%)
Current Age of Mother
20–24	69 (83.1%)	14 (16.9%)	2.789; P = 0.594
25–30	179 (82.49%)	38 (17.5%)
31–40	191 (86.4%)	30 (13.6%)
41–44	16 (88.9%)	2 (11.1%)
45 and above	6 (100.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Immunization status of the last child
Complete	301 (87.0%)	45 (13.0%)	18.854; P = 0.000
Not complete	129 (86.0%)	21 (14.0%)
No immunization	31 (63.3%)	18 (36.7%)
Duration of breastfeeding
Below 6 months	106 (80.3%)	26 (19.7%)	14.376; P = 0.002
6 − 9 months	216 (88.2%)	29 (11.8%)
10 − 12 months	54 (73.0%)	20 (27.0%)
Above 12 months	85 (90.4%)	9 (9.6%)
			3.660; P = 0.454
Cost of treatment at the health facility
Very expensive	67 (87.0%)	10 (13.0%)
Expensive	135 (82.3%)	29 (17.7%)
Moderate	191 (87.2%)	28 (12.8%)
Cheap	39 (81.3%)	9 (18.8%)
Very cheap	29 (78.4%)	8 (21.6%)
Birth spacing between the previous and last child
Below 6 months	183 (88.0%)	25 (12.0%)	31.729; P = 0.000
6 − 12 months	57 (64.8%)	31 (35.2%)
13 − 18 months	81 (88.0%)	11 (12.0%)
19–24 months	55 (88.7%)	7 (11.3%)
25 months and above	85 (89.5%)	10 (10.5%)

Table 3. Determinants of child survival among mothers using government/public health facility in Ado-Odo/Ota

Variables	Odds ratio	P-value
Duration of breastfeeding
Below 6 months	RC
6 − 9 months	2.03	0.031
10 − 12 months	0.91	0.795
Above 12 months	2.08	0.094
Immunization of the last child
Complete	RC
Not complete	1.02	0.939
No immunization	0.34	0.006
Knowledge about child preventable diseases
Yes	RC
No	0.58	0.048
Birth spacing between the previous and last child
Below 6 months	1.12	0.779
6 − 12 months	0.26	0.001
13 − 18 months	0.92	0.858
19–24 months	0.85	0.757
25 months and above	RC
Religious Affiliation
Christianity	RC
Islam	0.40	0.001
Traditional worshippers	3.00	0.350
Constant	10.48	0.000