Improving Presence in Real-time Architectural Visualization

Figures & data

Figure 1. Label: Virtual-reality search frequencies obtained from Google Trends.

Figure 2. Label: VANTA Black.

Table 1. Existing principles of realistic expression

Fleming (1999)	Brenton (2007)	Jong Kouk Kim (2018)
1. Clutter and Chaos 2. Personality and Expectations 3. Believability 4. Surface Texture 5. Specularity 6. Aging: Dirt, Dust, and Rot 7. Flaws, Tears, and Cracks 8. Rounded Edges 9. Object Material Depth 10. Radiosity	1. Global Illumination a) Light Sources i) Direct Illumination ii) Indirect Illumination b) Light Reflection i) Specular Reflection ii) Diffuse Reflection 2. Accurate Object Representation a) Beveled Edges i) Profile Accuracy ii) Specular Depth iii) Specular Detail b) Object Modeling Depth c) Surface Texture i) Profile Accuracy ii) Specular Depth iii) Specular Detail 3. Chaos a) Clutter b) Randomness c) Non-Uniformity 4. Imperfections a) Dirt, Dust, and Rust b) Flaws, Scratches, and Dings	Physically accurate light calculation Reproduction of accurate object forms Realistic materials and texture expression Reproduction of camera characteristics that appears in photographs

Figure 3. Label: Different light paths.

Figure 4. Label: Scenario differences observed using global illumination in non-real-time environment (a) without and (b) with global illumination.

Figure 5. Label: (a) Cube map, (b) Environment mapping using cube map, and (c) IBL.

Figure 6. Label: Changes observed upon (a) deactivation of global illumination and (b) LPV activation.

Figure 7. Label: Changes in indirect light owing to changes in direct light using LPV.

Figure 8. Label: Artificial lighting issue.

Figure 9. Label: Light-bleeding issue.

Figure 10. Label: Scene with VXGI.

Figure 11. Label: VXGI voxel.

Figure 12. Label: Alexa Meade’s Blueprint Installation 2010.

Figure 13. Label: Subsurface scattering.

Figure 14. Label: Comparison between (a) basic materials and (b) application of real-time subsurface profile-shading model.

Figure 15. Label: Light scattering regions according to energy-conservation laws.

Figure 16. Label: Example of Fresnel phenomenon in small stream with low water level (UE4).

Figure 17. Label: Total reflection variations considering microfacet differences.

Figure 18. Label: Material changes observed owing to roughness differences.

Figure 19. Label: Mori’s Uncanny valley phenomenon (Mori, 1970).

Figure 20. Label: Uncanny valley in virtual environment (VE).

Table 2. Cognitive aspect probabilities for improving verisimilitude

Category	Example
Time Probability
Space Probability
Scale Probability

Figure 21. Label: Motion blur in movie (“Man of Steel”).

Figure 22. Label: Variation in light spread from illumination source owing to changes in aperture.

Figure 23. Label: Example of artificial-light spread.

Figure 24. Label: Realistic expression principles for real-time architectural visualization.

Mori, M. (1970). The Uncanny Valley. Energy, 7(4), 33–35. doi:10.1109/MRA.2012.2192811

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