Demonstratives in Afaan Oromoo

Figures & data

Table

(1) a.	kun	kop’ee	eeɲɲu(u)-ti
	this.NOM	shoe	who-COP
	‘Whose shoe is this?’
b.	kun(n)-een	man(n)-een	tolasaa-ti
	this.NOM-PL	house-PL	Tolasa-COP
	‘These are Tolasa’s houses’.
c.	gurb-iʧʧ-i	kana	barbaad-a
	boy-SG-NOM	this.ACC	need-IMPF
	‘The boy needs this’.
d.	abbaa-n	koo	kan(n)-een	arg-e
	father- NOM	1S.POSS	this.ACC-PL	see-PFV
	‘My father saw these’.

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(2) a.	sun	kop’ee	eeɲɲuu-ti
	that.NOM	shoe	whose-COP
	‘Whose shoe is that?’
b.	sun(n)-een	man(n)-een	tolasaa-ti
	that.NOM-PL	house-PL	Tolasaa-COP
	‘Those are Tolasa’s houses’.
c.	gurb-iʧʧ-i	sana	barbaad-a
	boy-SG-NOM	that.ACC	need-IMPF
	‘The boy needs that’.
d.	abbaa-n	koo	san(n)-een	arg-e
	father- NOM	1S.POSS	that.ACC-PL	see-PFV
	‘My father saw those’.

Table

(3) a.	man(n)-i	kun	koo-ti
	house-NOM	this.NOM	1S.POSS-COP
	‘This house is mine’.
b.	ʃamarr-an	kun(n)-een	heerum-an-ii-r-u [heerum-an-ii-ʤir-u]
	girl.NOM-PL	this.NOM-PL	marry-PL-CVB-EX-IMPF
	‘These girls are already married’.
c.	gurbaa	kana	rukut-i
	boy	this.ACC	hit-IMPR
	‘(You) hit this boy’.
d.	barsiisaa-n	teessoo-wwan	san(n)-een	sup’p’-e
	teacher-NOM	chair-PL	that.ACC-PL	repair-PFV
	‘The teacher repaired those chairs’.

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(4) a.	kitaab-ni	kee	kana-ɗa
	book-NOM	2S.POSS	this-COP
	‘Your book is this one’.
b.	hirmaat(t)-ot-ni	walgahii	kan(n)-een(i)-ɗa
	participant-PL-NOM	meeting	this.ACC-PL-COP
	‘The participants of the meeting are these’.
c.	konkolaataa-n	koo	sana	tur-e
	car-NOM	1S.POSS	that.ACC	be.PST-PFV
	‘My car was that one’.

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(5) a.	huiʧ’ʧ’uu-n	kee	kunoo-ti
	cloth-NOM	2S.POSS	this-COP
	‘Your cloth is this/over here’.
b.	hoolaa-n	tolaa	kunoo-ti
	sheep-NOM	Tolaa	this-COP
	‘Tola’s sheep is this/over here’.
c.	hool-ota-ttii-n		kunoo-ti
	sheep-PL-DIM-NOM		this-COP
	‘The sheep are these/over here’.
d.	harr-oot-ni	abbaa	koo	kúúnnoo-ti
	donkey-PL-NOM	father	1S.POSS	that-COP
	‘My father’s donkeys are those/over there.
e.	nam-iʧʧ-i	kúúnnoo-ti
	man-SG-NOM	that-COP
	‘The man is that/over there’.
f.	poolis-oot-ni	kúúnnoo-ti
	police-PL-NOM	that-COP
	‘The policemen are those/over there’.

Table

	Lexical elements		Compound adverb
(6) a.	sana(a) ‘that’	asi ‘here’	sanaa asi ‘from that to here’
b.	kana(a) ‘this’	aʧʧi ‘there’	kanaa aʧʧi ‘from this to there’
c.	aʧʧi(i) ‘there’	asi ‘here’	aʧʧii asi ‘from there to here’
d.	asi(i) ‘here’	aʧʧi ‘there’	asii aʧʧi ‘from here to there’

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	Lexical elements		Deep structure^5	Surface structure
(7) a.	aʧʧi(i) ‘there’	asi ‘here’	aʧʧi(i) asi	aʧʧasi ‘towards here’
b.	gama ‘side’	kana ‘this’	gama kana	gamana ‘over this side’
c.	gama ‘side’	asi ‘here’	gama asi	gamasi ‘over that side’
d.	gara ‘to’	kam ‘which’	gara kam	garam ‘where’
e.	gara ‘to’	kana ‘this’	gara kana	garana ‘over here’
f.	gara ‘to’	asi ‘here’	gara asi	garasi ‘over there’

Table

(8) a.	kun	faajidaa	baajjee	k’ab-a
	this.NOM	advantage	many	catch-IMPF
	‘This has many advantages’. [The speaker was pointing at a knife.]
b.	inni	sana	k’arʃii	kuma	lama-(a)n	bit-e
	3MS.NOM	that.ACC	money	thousand	two-INST	buy-PFV
	‘He bought that for two thousand birr’. [The speaker was pointing at a sheep.]
c.	dabtar-(r)i		koo	kana-ɗa
	exercise_book-NOM		1S.POSS	this.ACC-COP
	‘My exercise book is this one’. [The speaker was carrying an exercise book.]
d.	huʧ’ʧ’uu-n	[ati	barbaad-t-u]	kunoo-ti
	cloth-NOM	[2S.NOM	find-2S-IMPF]	this-COP
	‘The cloth that you need is this/over here’.
e.	gurb-iʧʧ-i	kúúnnoo-ti
	boy-SG-NOM	that/over_there-COP
	‘The boy is that/over there’. [The speaker was pointing at a boy.]

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(9)	inni/iʃiin/ʤarri	meerre
	3MS/3FS/3PL.NOM	where
	‘Where is/are he/it/she/they?’

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(10)	huʧ’ʧ’uu	kee	akkana-tti [akka kana-tti] miiʧ’ʧ’-i
	cloth	2S.POSS	like_this-LOC [like this-LOC] wash-IMPF
	‘Wash your cloth like this’.

Table

(11) a.	fakkii	kana-rraa	maal	hubat-t-a
	picture	this.ACC-ABL	what	understand-2S-IMPF
	‘What do you understand from this picture?’ [Identifying a single object]
b.	loo-wwan	kun(n)-een	baajjee	t’ik’k’oo-ɗa
	cattle-PL	this.NOM-PL	very	few-COP
	‘These cattle are very few in number’. [Identifying plural objects]
c.	gurbaa-n	sun	mana-saa	iʤaar-e
	boy-NOM	that.ACC	house-3MS.POSS	build-PFV
	‘That boy built his home’. [Identifying a single person]
d.	tolaa-n	ʃamarr-an	kan(n)-een	arrab-s-e
	Tolaa-NOM	girl-PL	this.ACC-PL	tongue-CAUS-PFV
	‘Tola insulted these girls’. [Identifying plural persons]

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(12) a.	sanaa_asi	ani	nan-k’ot-a
	from_that_to_here	1S	FOC-plow-IMPF
	‘From there to here, I plow’. (Lit. From that to here, I plow.)
b.	kanaa_aʧʧi-mmoo	ati	k’ot-i
	from_this_to_there-FOC	2S	plow-IMPF
	‘And, from here to there, you plow’. (And from this to there, you plow.)

(Context: The speaker and the listener are standing in a farmland).

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(13)	tolaa-n	aʧʧii_asi	deem-aa	ʤir-a
	Tolaa-NOM	there_here	go-PROG	exist-IMPF
	‘Tola is coming’. (Lit. Tolaa is going from there to here.)

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(14) a.	loon	gamana-a^6	jaaɁ-an-i
	cattle	over_this_side-ABL	flow-3P-PFV
	‘The cattle flew out from here’.
b.	waraabess-i	garasi-i^7	ɗuf-e
	hyena-NOM	over_there-ABL	come-PFV
	‘The hyena came from there’.
c.	kamaal	aʧʧas(i)	deem-aa	tur-e
	Kemal	towards_ here	go-PROG	be.PST-PFV
	‘Kemal was coming from there’.
d.	intal-li	ʤaraa	garana	ʤir-t-i
	girl-NOM	3PL.POSS	over_here	exist-3F-IMPF
	‘Their daughter is around here’.

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(15) a.	k’alama	sana	na-(a)f	kenn-i
	pen	that.ACC	1S.ACC-DAT	give-2S.IMPR
	‘Give me that pen’.
b.	loo-wwan	sana	gara	lagaa-tti	oof-i
	cattle	that.ACC	to	river-LOC	drive-2S.IMPR
	‘Ride those cattle to the river’.
c.	teessoo-n	kun	ʧ’abaa-ɗa
	chair-NOM	this.NOM	broken-COP
	‘This chair is broken’.

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(16) a.	bijj-i	kun	ijjee-ttii-ɗa
	country-NOM	this.NOM	poor-FS-COP
	‘This country is poor’.
b.	akaakajjuu-n	adduɲɲaa	kana-rraa	duɁa-(a)n	bok’ot-e
	grandfather-NOM	world	this.ACC-ABL	death-INST	rest-PFV
	‘Grandfather passed away’.[Lit. Grandfather rested with death from this world.]
c.	uummata	kana-(a)f	aarsaa	kaffal-uu-n	hin-barbaa-ʧʧis-u
	people.ACC	this.ACC-BEN	sacrifice	pay-VN-NOM	NEG-find-CAUS-IMPF
	‘Paying sacrifice to this people is not necessary’.

Table

(17) a.	t’alajaa	tolaa-n	barreess-e	sun	ʤaalala	inni
	letter	Tolaa-NOM	write-PFV	that.ACC	love	3MS.NOM
	haaɗa	isaa-tiif	k’ab-u	ibs-a
	mother	3MS-BEN	catch-IMPF	explain-IMPF
	‘The letter that he wrote to his mother explains the love he has to him mother’.
b.	intal-(l)i	miiɗag-duu-n	sun	dargagg-oota		sadan
	girl-NOM	beauty-3FS-NOM	that.ACC	male-PL		three
	sana	ʤaalat-t-e
	that.ACC	love-FS-PFV
	‘That beautiful girl loved those three adolescents’.
c.	beekumsa	kana	eessa-a	argat-t-an
	knowledge	this.ACC	where-ABL	get-2P-PFV
	‘From where did you get this knowledge?’

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(18) a.	[tolaa-n		kutaa	sagal	barat-a]	[gurbaa-n		kun
	Tolaa-NOM		grade	Nine	learn-IMPF	boy-NOM		this.NOM
	barumsa-(a)n			baajjee	ʧ’imaa-ɗa]
	education-INST			very	strong-COP
	‘[Tola learns in grade nine.] [This boy is diligent in his education.]’
b.	[finfinnee-n			magaalaa	gudd-oo	itoop’p’ijaa-ti]		[uummat-ni
	Finfinne-NOM			city	big-FS	Ethiopia-COP		people-NOM
	milijoona		ʤahaa	ol	magaalaa	sana	keessa	ʤiraat-a]
	million		six	above	city	that	in	live-IMPF
	‘[Finfinne is the capital city of Ethiopia.] [More than six million people live in that city.]’
c.	[kaangaaroo-n			awustiraalijaa	keessa-tti	arg-am-a]		[bineens-i
	kangaroo-NOM			Australia	in-LOC	see-MID-IMPF		animal-NOM
	kun	jeroo	ammaa	bijja	sana	keessaa	badaa	ʤir-a]
	this	time	Now	country	that	in-from	lose	exist-IMPF
	‘[Kangaroo is found in Australia.] [This animal is being lost from that country.]’

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(19) a.	Tolaa:	bara	ɗuf-u	konkolaataa-n		bita
		year	come-IMPF	car-NOM		buy-IMPF
		‘I will buy a car next year’.
	Daraartuu:	kun	jaada	baajjee		gaarii-ɗa
		this.NOM	Idea	very		good-COP
		‘This is a very good idea’.
b.	[nam-oot-ni	baadijjaa	harka	ʧ’aalaa-n		ʤireeɲɲa	wal-waʤʤin-(ii)f
	man-PL-NOM	rural	hand	great-NOM		life	REF-together-BEN
	iddoo	guddaa	kenn-u]	[kun	ammoo	kan	madd-e
	place	big	give-IMPF	this.NOM	now	of	emanate-PFV
	haala	ʤireeɲɲa	baadijjaa	irra-a	kan	kaɁ-e]
	situation	life	rural	on-from	of	rise-PFV
	‘[Rural people give great value for social life.] [This emanated from the situations in rural life.]’