Deconstructing complexities in the adoption of new forms in news media: a systematic literature review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flowchart of the article selection process using the PRISMA review protocol.

Table 4. Areas covered in the reviewed papers.

Papers reviewed	Areas	Number of papers
(Bastian et al., 2021; Descampe et al., 2021; Munoriyarwa et al., 2021; Wu 2019; Shin, 2020; Brennen et al., 2020; Jamil, 2020; Diakopoulos, 2020; Lewis et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2019; Stray, 2019; Zheng et al., 2018; Wölker & Powell, 2018; Caswell & Dörr, 2017; Kim & Kim, 2017; Diakopoulos & Koliska, 2016; Thurman et al., 2017; Montal & Reich, 2016; Linden, 2016; Broussard, 2014; Felle, 2015; Anderson 2014; Carlson, 2014; Clerwall, 2014; Coddington, 2014; Gynnild, 2013; Anderson, 2012; Dalen 2012	Automated journalism/data journalism	28
(Loosen et al., 2020; Mast et al., 2016)	Origin of the new forms of journalism	2
(Boczkowski, 2004; Chua, 2018; Metykova, 2008; Pavlik, 2000; Powers, 2012; Ursell, 2001)	Digital technologies in journalism	6
(Ruotsalainen, 2018)	Dialogical journalism	1
(Spyridou 2018)	Participatory journalism	1
(Hermida, 2010; Kleis Nielsen & Ganter, 2017)	Digital intermediaries	2
(McIntyre, 2017)	Solution journalism	1
(Theodora & Andreas, 2016)	Selfie journalism	1
(Le Masurier, 2014)	Alternative journalism	1
(Marchionni, 2014)	Conversational journalism	1
(Beckett & Mansell, 2008; Spyridou et al., 2013)	Networked journalism	2
(Browne, 2010)	Foundation journalism	1
(Baía Reis & Coelho, 2018; Pavlik, 2020; Pavlik & Bridges, 2013)	Augmented reality/drone journalism/virtual reality	3

Table 2. The main themes and sub-themes extracted after the analysis of 50 articles.

Sr no	Themes	Sub-themes
1.	Emergence & significance of new forms in journalism	Defines journalism and news types Presents specific attributes and niche areas Highlight innovation in the media Signify the emerging relationship between readers and journalism It helps to understand the transformation in the news industry Due to widespread technology Due to convergence among several fields and practices
2.	Transition in the journalistic practice	Empower journalists Greater reach and speed Engage the audience and increase interactivity Create an immersive experience and real-time occurrences Explore the newsgathering process and news content Understand market forecasting, track new clients, & new channels Assists investigative stories and can hold authorities accountable Socio-economic, political, and cultural impact Incorporating new forms as part of a business strategy
3.	Challenges and concerns	Fear of missing out leads to the adoption of technology Fear of job loss due to AI Technology companies influencing the media environment Questions about trustworthiness, transparency Questions about professional values, credibility and expertise Unavailability of resources, access to data, and lack of training Widens the digital divide Ethical concerns
4.	Prospects in the news industry	More collaboration, new opportunities, and scope User-generated content and more specialized Blur in the job role Promote public debate and increase dialogue  Lead to diversification The rise of independent journalism Further acceptance of technology in the newsroom

Table 3. Some of the keywords related to new forms of journalism.

	Terms	Sources	Definition/Characteristics
1	Augmented reality journalism	(Pavlik & Bridges, 2013)	Augmented reality is a component of computational journalism that intensifies a customer’s communication with the real world using a computer-generated setting.
2	Automated Journalism	(Wu et al., 2019; Dörr, 2015; Clerwall, 2014)	Automated journalism incorporates all automated processes that do not involve any human interference to conduct any work, like generating alerts, writing news, aggregating content, and data visualization.
3	Computational Journalism	(Anderson, 2012; Gynnild, 2013; Hamilton & Turner, 2009)	Computational journalism is a blend of data, algorithms, and insights from the social sciences.
4	Conversational journalism	(Marchionni, 2014; Papadopoulou & Maniou, 2021)	The engagement from both the audience and journalists has given rise to conversational journalism. The newsroom has the feature of an online comments section that boosts page views and advertisements.
5	Data Journalism	(Coddington, 2014; Fink & Anderson, 2014; Gynnild, 2013)	Data journalism incorporates storytelling with numbers to convey the message to the public, with one of the critical components being transparency.
6	Drone journalism	(Papadopoulou & Maniou, 2021; Pavlik, 2000)	Drone news content uses augmented reality, mixed reality, and virtual reality journalism. It has several applications and generates unique and immersive news content using sensors, audio, video geo-tagged content, 360-degree video, and 3D audio files.
7	Network journalism	(Heinrich, 2010; (Papadopoulou & Maniou, 2021)	Network journalism involves online journalism that creates relationships between the public and news organizations.
8	Robot journalism	(Clerwall, 2014; (Kim & Kim, 2017)	Robots are adopted to write news stories in robot journalism. The robots can analyze data and generate reports based on an algorithm that requires programming from humans.
9	Selfie journalism	(Dagan, 2014; McIntyre, 2017; Papadopoulou & Maniou, 2021; Theodora & Andreas, 2016)	Selfies integrated into journalistic practice is a new trend that requires short content. Journalists are using this approach of self-representation in news searches.
10	Slow journalism	(Le Masurier, 2014; McIntyre, 2017; Papadopoulou & Maniou, 2021; Dagan,2014)	Slow journalism is used in independent journalism and found on websites, blogs, and other public groups. It cannot compete with the present media culture but has its way of telling stories, with importance given to its trait, long-form narrative, thorough research, context, and elaboration.
11	Virtual reality journalism	(Baía Reis & Coelho, 2018; Papadopoulou & Maniou, 2021)	Virtual reality journalism comprises computing to present realistic features and involves configurations to react to users’ feedback, like audio commands or actions. This visual media integrated into journalism using 3-D devices creates a compelling relationship with the audience, creating an immersive experience.
12	Foundation-funded journalism	(Browne, 2010)	The mainstream media, funded by charity, removes the commercial pressures, and journalists can work freely on any topic without any pressure from the advertiser or the owner. The source of money granted should be transparent, autonomous, and receptive to the public.
13	Solution journalism	(McIntyre, 2017)	Solution journalism provides solutions to social issues through news articles. Also termed problem-solving journalism, news stories are in-depth and divulge details on the cause and solution.
14	Constructive journalism	(Dagan, 2014; McIntyre, 2017)	Some media scholars believe that solution journalism falls under the umbrella term of constructive journalism. Constructive or solution journalism involves positive components, more interactivity, and effectiveness in news stories.
15	Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled technology	(Jamil, 2020)	AI-enabled technology includes social bots, language generation software, and virtual agents, among others. News organizations use AI technologies to generate automated news.

Figure 2. Thematic classification of new forms.

Table 1. The 50 articles reviewed in this research paper.

References	Journal	Methods/Theory	Research focus	Findings
(Bastian et al., 2021)	Digital Journalism	Interviews, case studies	To examine the influence of algorithmic news recommenders on journalistic practice.	Some of the values recognized towards algorithmic news recommender design and its execution are transparency, multiplicity, editorial independence, broad information supply, personal significance, and user-friendliness.
(Descampe et al., 2021)	AI & Society	Prototype news recommendation system	Automated news content raises the issue of accountability.	News recommenders are concerned about the democratic role of AI and machine learning.
(Munoriyarwa et al., 2021)	Journalism Practice	In-depth interviews	To examine the adoption of AI in the South African newsroom.	It argues that AI adoption in the South African newsroom is slow and restricted due to a lack of training, fear of job loss, cost, and ethical issues.
(Pavlik, 2020)	Media and Communication	Existing literature	Role of drones used in news production.	Drone technology provides ample scope to explore both the newsgathering process and news content in the media industry.
(Shin, 2020)	Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media	Online survey /heuristic-systematic process	Explore the scope of trust associated with automated news stories.	Automation helps personalize news, raising ethical and legal issues - fairness, accountability, transparency, and explainability.
(Brennen et al., 2020)	Journalism	Critical discourse analysis	Examine the views of media in terms of how they form, negotiate, and heighten hopes for AI.	Pseudo-AGI identifies that AI is reasonable and can be incorporated into the present system and expanded to other new areas.
(Loosen et al., 2020)	Journalism	Test case	Examining ‘X’ journalism, used as a concept to explore the complexity and diversity in this field.	The new terms related to journalism have evolved in the past few years, and it is crucial to understand their usage strategies, analyze the terms, distinguish them, and identify the patterns.
(Jamil, 2020)	Journalism Practice	In-depth interviews, thematic analysis/ human-machine communication framework	Uses the human-machine communication framework to explore the role of AI.	Unavailability of resources, access to data, the digital divide, and a lack of training are hurdles to adopting AI in the newsroom.
(Diakopoulos, 2020)	Digital Journalism	Interview/qualitative study	To investigate how Computational News Discovery (CND) is integrated into journalistic practices.	It recommends that gatekeeping models have to be revised to add the use of algorithms to draw readers’ attention and divulge details to human gatekeepers before publication, as in the case of CND.
(Lewis et al., 2019)	Digital Journalism	Human-machine communication (HMC)	Understanding human-machine communication as a research area to study automated journalism.	The HMC approach provides insights into how technology acts as a communicator and not a sole mediator, which gives rise to questions about the machine’s takeover of the human role.
(Wu et al., 2019)	Journalism Practice	Experimental survey/ cognitive authority theory	To examine human-written and auto-written news stories about objectivity and credibility.	Automated news content is more objective, less biased, and more credible within the cognitive authority theory framework.
(Wu et al., 2019)	Journalism Practice	In-depth interviews/ field theory	The technologist’s perspective on digital innovations.	The visual media integrated into journalism using 3-D devices creates a compelling relationship with the audience in creating an immersive experience.
(Stray, 2019)	Digital Journalism	Review existing literature and survey stories that adopted AI methods	Explores investigative news stories that use AI techniques and interpret their challenges.	Challenges for a journalist to use AI techniques in investigative stories include the unavailability of training data, high cost, data that is not easily accessible, and ethical issues.
(Chua, 2018)	Ethnography	Ethnography	Explore the increase in ‘reader-less’ adaptation in journalism.	The new technologies have led the news media to track business strategies that assure readership but overlook the informational requirements of the readers.
(Ruotsalainen, 2018)	Futures	Data Analysis/analytical framework	Investigates the current and future of journalism.	Suggest the rise in dialogical journalism, diversification, more collaborations, and acceptance of technology.
(Zheng et al., 2018)	Computers in Human Behavior	A comparative study, experimental design	To understand the cultural difference between US and Chinese audiences and apprehend automated news stories.	Despite the societal and cultural differences between China and the United States, readers appear to place equal trust in content created by robots and human journalists.
(Wölker & Powell, 2018)	Journalism	Experimental design, online survey, empirical exploration	Investigate the reader’s insight in terms of automated news stories and human - written reports.	Journalism done jointly is coequally credible to combine creative aspects and opinions in writing and algorithmic scope in journalistic work.
(Spyridou, 2018)	Journalism	Web-based survey, uses and gratification (U&G)	An analysis of participation in news websites.	It is crucial to understand the impact of the content on journalism and society, which is actively created and produced by the user.
(Baía Reis & Coelho, 2018)	Digital Journalism	Theoretical-conceptual construct	Relationship between journalism and virtual reality.	The visual media integrated into journalism using 3-D devices creates a compelling relationship with the audience, creating an immersive experience.
(Caswell & Dörr, 2017)	Journalism Practice	Exploratory computational approach study/ prototype database	Explore incident-based reports in automated journalism.	The restrictions identified include the lack of data models to code for event - driven stories automatically.
(Kim & Kim, 2017)	Technological Forecasting and Social Change	Analytic hierarchy process (AHP)	To understand the reasons and attitudes of journalists and readers related to introducing robot journalism in newsrooms.	Market forecasting, consumers’ reactions, and investment are the basis for the consideration of news media in the introduction of robot journalism.
(Kleis Nielsen & Ganter, 2017)	New Media and Society	Case study	Examine the relationship between publishers and news platforms.	Digitally vital news media, drawn by the fear of missing out, aggressively engage with technology companies that they offer.
(McIntyre, 2017)	Journalism Practice	Factorial experiment	Solution-based news and its impact on the readers.	Solution-based stories have a positive element in reporting; the news stories cover in-depth reports, divulge details on the cause, and provide solutions.
(Thurman et al., 2017)	Digital Journalism	Workshop, observation, and interviews	To understand how journalists perceive automated news content.	Automated news content will be more widespread, but it has its limitations too.
(Diakopoulos & Koliska, 2016)	Digital Journalism	An exploratory study, focus group to study a case study	Explore the challenges related to algorithmic transparency in a news organization.	The challenges of algorithmic transparency include the viability of revelations regarding technical and general aspects, cost or labor required, management, and production tools.
(Montal & Reich, 2016)	Digital Journalism	Fieldwork (quantitative content analysis) and interviews	Explore the algorithmic authorship of automated news content.	The paper suggests a policy that focuses on algorithmic authority to determine the author and credit the entire algorithmic content.
(Theodora & Andreas, 2016)	Studies in Media and Communication	Use digital gadgets	The role of selfies in the journalism field.	Selfie journalism raises concerns about copyright, privacy issues, changes in news content, and trustworthiness.
(Linden, 2016)	Digital Journalism	Case study, interviews, and social constructionist perspective	Explores the job situation after automation was introduced in the newsroom.	Automation will not replace jobs as journalists adopt advanced technology and highlight the strength of creativity.
(Mast et al., 2016)	Journalism	Conceptualizations and empirical analysis	Targets the notion of hybridity in journalism.	Hybridity is more complex in news and journalism and can be studied from an interdisciplinary perspective.
(Anderson, 2014)	Digital Journalism	Genealogy of quantitative journalism and assemblage theory	Identify the evolution and use of data in quantitative journalism.	Data will be extensively used in several areas in the future.
(Felle, 2015)	Journalism	Qualitative interviews	Examine the impact of data reporting in the newsroom for surveillance.	Data journalism assists journalists in working on investigative stories that can serve the public interest and hold authorities accountable.
(Carlson, 2014)	Digital Journalism	Case study / textual analysis of text	Analyze automated text to examine its impact on journalism.	The concerns relate to the jobs, news content, and journalistic dominance.
(Broussard, 2014)	Digital Journalism	Prototype model, interviews, and paradigms of Remler, Waisanen, and Gabor	Examine the use of AI software in investigative stories.	The developed model can assist and enhance the usefulness of investigative reports.
(Clerwall, 2014)	Journalism Practice	Experiment	To explore the reaction of readers related to software-generated content in comparison with content written by a journalist.	Readers could not distinguish automated content from content written by a human journalist.
(Coddington, 2014)	Digital Journalism	Four-part typology	The study examines three quantitative forms: CAR, data journalism, and computational journalism.	The journalism domain adds new forms and describes CAR, data journalism, and computational journalism.
(Gynnild, 2013)	Journalism	Empirical data	Journalism innovation in online news media.	Journalists require an innovation-oriented mindset to deal with the latest innovation and constantly face several challenges.
(Le Masurier, 2014)	Journalism Practice	Existing literature	Explore some of the features of slow journalism.	The narrative way of storytelling, used in independent journalism has its characteristics with long-form, elaboration, in-depth stories.
(Marchionni, 2014)	Journalism Practice	Experiment	Experiment on web story comments.	The comments section online does not contribute to the professional values of credibility and expertise in journalism.
(Pavlik & Bridges, 2013)	Journalism & Communication Monographs	Monograph	Development and use of augmented reality (AR) in journalism.	Augmented reality is a new form of storytelling, and it is in the experimental stage for news media.
(Spyridou et al., 2013)	International Communication Gazette	Questionnaire/actor-network theory	Explore how journalists use and understand technology tools.	The technology tools empower journalists and help them reach out to the masses.
(Anderson, 2012)	New Medi and Society	Sociological approach: Schudson’s classic typology of the sociology of news, Bordieuean field approaches	The present industry focuses on industry concerns and outlines six lenses.	The six lenses provide insights into a new research area: computational journalism.
(Powers, 2012)	Journal of Communication Inquiry	Archival research (articles) based on industry publications	Role of journalism and integration of technology in the newsroom.	The impact of technology is witnessed in the news content and influences the work of a journalist.
(Dalen, 2012)	Journalism Practice	68 blog posts and newspaper articles	Journalists’ reaction to sports websites using machine-written news stories.	Journalists possess skills like creativity, flexibility, and analytical skills over robot journalists but have higher marginal costs.
(Browne, 2010)	Journalism Studies	Examines three news organizations (funded by charity foundations)	Examines foundation-funded journalism, its sociological and journalistic impact.	News organizations funded by charities enjoy freedom from commercial pressure, but transparency can be a concern.
(Hermida, 2010)	Journalism Practice	Literature from the human-computer interaction field	Explores the new form of microblogging.	Micro-blogging has several features for communication.
(Metykova, 2008)	Communication and Culture	Research project in 11 European countries	Study to understand the relationship between European journalists and their audiences in terms of technological change.	The change in the relationship between journalist and audience was evident due to technology and competition in the media market.
(Beckett & Mansell, 2008)	Communication, Culture and Critique	Ethically grounded approach	Seeks to address the new forms, journalistic ethics, new business model, media literacies, and research agenda.	Networked journalism creates new opportunities and scope for journalists and promotes public debate.
(Boczkowski, 2004)	Journal of Communication	Ethnographic case studies: three online news organization	Study the main factors contributing to the adoption of technologies in online print media.	The production process involved makes the adoption of technology possible in the newsroom.
(Ursell, 2001)	Journalism	Three news organizations were investigated	Examines the news values and agenda in news media.	All three media organizations have found ways to transform the newsroom and have adopted new technology to create stories and track new clients and channels.
Pavlik (2000)	Journalism Studies	Survey	Examine the technological change in journalism.	Highlights the significant role of journalism in the changing and evolving media landscape.

Table 5. Future themes and questions.

Automated Content	How will the gradual transition of the machine’s takeover of the human journalistic role shape journalism? How do readers perceive automated news stories in different societal and cultural environments? Credibility in news content between automated and human-generated content?
Ethical issues	What are the ethical and legal issues associated with automated news stories and how can they be addressed? Will readers and audiences gain trust in terms of automated news stories in the future?
Digital transition	What core principles of journalism serve the digital age? Will the gap between big and small newsrooms in the adoption of AI widen?

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