The development of undergoer voice construction in Javanese

Figures & data

Table 1. Data sources and the number of words.

No	Texts	Century	Number of Words
1	Adiparwa	10	50.877
2	Arjunawiwaha	11	12.027
3	Tantri Kamandaka; Bharatayuddha	12	44.172
4	Arjunawijaya	14	19.608
5	Gita Sinangsaya	15	7.419
6	Sri Tanjung, Pararaton, Het Boek van Bonang	16	33.002
7	Bismaprawa and Tantu Panggelaran	17	32.139
8	Babad Kraton	18	258.625
9	Literary Text (Sastra.org)	19	2.789
10	Javanese Corpus (Jogja-Solo)	20–21	2.252.307
11	Banyumas Dialect	20–21	183.941
12	Banyuwangi Dialect	20–21	62.401
TOTAL			2.959.307

Table 2. Undergoer voice affixes.

Old Javanese Affixes	Javanese Affixes
-in- ka-	di- dipun tak-/ dak- kok- ka-/ ke-

Table 3. The development of UV construction.

Pattern			Century
			10	11	12	14	15	16	17	18	19	20–21
V-A	affix ka-	nghulun	✔		✔
		ngwang	✔
		sun						✔	✔
		(de) mami	✔		✔
		(de)ngku	✔	✔	✔	✔
	affix -in-	ku	✔	✔	✔	✔
		mami	✔		✔
		(de)ngku	✔	✔	✔	✔
		(de)mami	✔		✔
A-V	nghulun	✓	✔	✔	✔	✔
	ulun	✓								✔
	ngong	✓					✔
	sun	✓					✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
	kula	✓								✔	✔	✔
	ndak-	✓	✔	✔	✔	✔
	dak-	✓			✔				✔	✔	✔	✔
	tak-	✓									✔	✔
	tek-	✓										✔