Split topicalization as remnant movement: the case of Jordanian Arabic

Figures & data

Table

(1)	A car this expensive, Simon would never buy.

Table

(2)	German (Ott, 2015, pp. 157, (1))
	Bücher	hat	Peter	leider	erst	drei	gute	gelesen.
	Books	has	Peter	unfortunately	only	three	good	read
	‘As for books, Peter has unfortunately only read three good ones.’

Table

(3)	German (Fanselow, 1993, pp. 63)
a.	[Raubvoögel]	glaube	ich	kenn	Gereon		nur	[Bussarde].
	birds of prey believe I		knows Gereon only buzzards
	‘As for birds of prey, Gereon knows only buzzards.’
b.	*[NP Raubvoögel Bussarde]

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(4)	German (van Hoof, 2006, pp. 7, (14b))
	*[Augen] kenne ich [[NP keine Frau, [CP die [scho nere _ ti] hat [als ich]i]]. Eyes know I no woman who more beautiful (ones) has than I

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(5)	German (van Hoof, 2006, pp. 4, (6)&(7))
a.	[CP [Gegessen] [C hat [IP er [VP nur.		grüne Bohnen]]]
	eaten	has	he	only green beans
	‘He has eaten only green beans.’			(SVPT)
b.	[Stolz] ist er vor allem [AP __ auf seine Kinder].
	Proud is he especially	on his children
	‘He is especially proud of his children.’			(SAPT)

Table

(6)	il-ʔaflaam,	Mun	bitħib	il-ʔaflaam	il-ʔaakšin.
	the-movies	Muna	like	the-movies	the-action
	‘As for movies, Muna likes the action type.’

Table

(7)

Table

(8)	a.	Il-fasˁuulia il-xadˁra, Sally ma			bitħib.
		the-beans	the-green,	Sally NEG	like.3F.SG
		‘Green beans, Sally does not like.’				(4.31)
	b.	Il-fasˁuulia,	Sally ma	bitħib	il-xadˁra.
		the-beans,	Sally NEG	like.3F.SG	the-green
		‘As for beans, Sally does not like green ones.’				(3.98)
(9)	a.	il-ʔtˁfaal	il-mušaaγibiin,	ʕali ma	bitħammal.
		the-children	the-naughty.3M.PL,	Ali NEG	stand.3M.SG
		‘Naughty children, Ali cannot stand.’				(4.61)
	b.	il-ʔtˁfaal,	ʕali ma	bitħammal	il-mušaaγibiin.
		the-children,	Ali NEG	stand.3M.SG	the-naughty.3M.PL
		‘As for children, Ali cannot stand naughty ones.’				(3.89)
(10)	a.	ilgisˁasˁ	il-mfabrakih,	in-naas	dayman btungul.
		the-stories	the-fabricated,	the-people always	tell.3F.SG
		‘Fabricated stories, people always tell.’				(4.79)
	b.	ilgisˁasˁ,	in-naas	dayman btungul	il-mfabrakih.
		The.stories, the-people	always	tell.3F.SG	the-fabricated
		‘As for stories, people always tell fabricated ones.’				(4.10)
(11)	a.	iš-širkih	ʕayyan-at	ʕašarat muhandisiin
		the-company hire.3F.SG ten		engineers
		‘The company hired ten engineers.’				(6.62)
	c.	muhandisiin, iš-širkih ʕayyan-at ʕašara
		engineers, the-company hire.3F.SG ten
		‘As for engineers, the company hired ten of them.’				(3.32)

Table

(12)	a.	muqtaniʕ b-kull	qaraarat = uh	kaan ʕali.
		Satisfied	with-all	decisions = 3M.SG	was	Ali
		‘Satisfied with all his decisions, Ali was.’						(5.19)
	b.	muqtaniʕ	kaan	ʕali	b-kull	qaraarat = uh.
		Satisfied	was	Ali	with-all	decisions = 3M.SG
		‘Satisfied Ali was with all his decisions.’						(5.73)
(13)	a.	Mabsuutˁah b-kull	ʔilli	wisˁl-at	il-uh	sˁaar-at	Nadia
		happy	with-all COMP reach.3F.SG	to = 3M.SG	become	Nadia.
		‘Happy with all that she has achieved, Nadia became.’						(4.33)
	b.	Mabsuutˁah	sˁaar-at	Nadia b-kull	illi	wisˁl-at	il-uh.
		Happy	become Nadia	with-all COMP reach.3F.SG to = 3M.SG
		‘Happy Nadia became with all that she has achieved.’						(5.56)

Table

(14)	a.	Tištari	Kull iši	kaan-at	Salma w	ma	bitwaffir.
		buy.3F.SG all	thing was-3F.SG	Salma	and	NEG	save.3F.SG
		‘Salma used to buy everything and not save at all.’						(4.73)
	b.	Tištari	kaan-at	Salma kull iši	w	ma	bitwaffir.
		buy.3F.SG	was-3F.SG	Salma	all	thing and NEG save.3F.SG
		(Lit.: ‘*Buy, Salma used to everything and not save at all.’)						(4.32)
(15)	a.	Biydafiʕ ʕan	kull qararaat = uh	sˁaar	mħammad.
		Defend	about	all	decisions = 3M.SG	become	Muhammad
		‘Defend all his decisions, Ali does.’						(4.98)
	b.	biydafiʕ	sˁaar	mħammad	ʕan	kull	qararaat = uh.
		Defend	become	Muhammad	about all		decisions = 3M.SG
		(Lit.: ‘*Defend, Ali does all his decisions.’)						(5.27)

Table

(16)	a.	Dˁall-at	il-mʕallmih	taʕtˁi	itˁ-tˁullaab	kθiir
		kept-3F.SG	the-teacher	give.3F.SG	the-students	many
		ʤawaʔiz	w	bitšaʤʤiʕ=hum.
		prizes	and	encourage.3F.SG = 3M.PL
		‘The teacher kept giving the students many rewards and encouraged them.’						(6.49)
	b.	taʕtˁi	itˁ-tˁullaab	Dˁall-at	il-mʕallmih	kθiir
		give.3F.SG	the-students	kept-3F.SG	the-teacher	many
		ʤawaʔiz	w	bitšaʤʤiʕ=hum.
		Prizes	and	encourage.3F.SG = 3M.PL
		(Lit.: ‘*Giving the students, the teacher kept many rewards and encouraged them.’)						.(3.96)
	a.	kaan	Sami	biidarris	itˁ-tˁulaab	il-minhaaʤ	kamil
		was.3M.SG	Sami	teach.3M.SG	the-students	the-curriculum	whole
		wa-la	yitrik	dars.
		and-NEG	leave.3M.SG	a.lesson.
		‘Sami used to teach students the entire curriculum and not leave a lesson.’						(6.49)
	b.	biidarris	itˁ-tˁullaab	kaan	Sami	il-minhaaʤ
		teach.3M.SG	the-students	was.3M.SG	Sami	the-curriculum
		kamil	wa-la	yitrik	dars.
		whole	and-NEG	leave.3M.SG	a lesson.
		(Lit.: ‘*Teach students, Sami used to the entire curriculum and not leave a lesson.’)						(4.81)
	a.	kaan	il-raʔiis	biħutˁtˁ	kull	il-xayaraat	ʕala itˁ-tˁawlih
		was.3M.SG	the-president	put.3M.SG	all	the-options	on the-table
		la-n-niqaaš	w	yitqabbal	in-naqid.
		for-the-discussion	and	accept.3M.SG	criticism
		‘The president used to put all options on the table and discuss them.’						(6.51)
	b.	biħutˁtˁ	kull	il-xayaraat	kaan	il-raʔiis	ʕala
		put.3M.SG	all	the-options	was.3M.SG	the-president	on
		itˁ-tˁawlih	la-n-niqaaš	w	yitqabbal	in-naqid.
		the-table	for-the-discussion	and	accept.3M.SG	criticis
		‘Put all the options on the table is what the president used to do.’						(4.80)

Table

(19)	ʔšʤaar ħurʤiyah	ma	zaraʕ	xalid	ʔilla	lizaab.
	trees	forest	NEG	plant.3M.SG	Khalid except.for	almond trees
	‘As for forest trees, Khalid planted only almond trees.’						(4.22)
(20)	duwal	ʔurubiyyah, ma zaar-at	Samia	ʔilla	ʔalmaaniya.
	countries	European, NEG visit-3F.SG	Samia	except.for	Germany
	(Lit.: ‘As for European countries, Samia has not visited any except for Germany.’)						(4.53)
(21)	il-ʕuluum,	ma	dars-at	Muna	ʔilla	riyadˁiyaat.
	the-sciences,	NEG	study-3F.SG	Muna	except.for	maths
	(Lit.: ‘As for sciences, Samia has not studied any except for math.’)						(3.94)
(22)	il-maʤallaat,	ma	btiqraʔ	Sumayya	ʔilla	il-maʤallah
	the-journals, NEG	read.3F.SG	Sumayya	except.for	the-journal
	iθ-θaqaafiyyah.
	the-cultural
	(Lit.: ‘As for magazines, Sumayyah does not read any except for Cultural Magazine,’)						(4.65)

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(23)	*eiš	in-naas	dayman	btungul	il-mfabrakih?
	What	the-people	always	tell.3F.SG	the-fabricated
	(Lit. ‘*What do people circulate fabricated?’)					(2.49)

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(24)	sayyarat, ma	ištara	xalid	ʔilla	waħdih.
	cars,	NEG buy.3M.SG	Khalid	except	one
	‘As for cars, Khalid did not buy but one.’						(6.15)
(25)	*ma	ištara	xalid	ʔilla	sayyarat	waħdih.
	NEG	buy.3M.SG	Khalid	except	cars	one
	(Lit.: ‘Khalid did not buy but one cars.’)						(2.32)

Table

(26)	a.	il-ʔamin	gaal	ʔinnu	sˁaar		ʔakθar min
		the-security	said.3M.SG	COMP occurred.3M.SG	more	than
		ʕašrat	ħawadiθ	xatˁiirah	bi-ʕammaan	xilaal	il-ʔisbuuʕ	il-maadˁi.
		ten	accidents	dangerous	in-Amman	during	the-week	the-last
		‘Security police said that more than a dozen serious accidents occurred in Amman last week.’							(6.65)
	b.	ħawadiθ xatˁiirah,	il-ʔamin	gaal	ʔinnu	sˁaar	ʔakθar	min
		accidents dangerous,	the-security	said.3M.SG	COMP	happen.3M.SG more	than
		ʕašrah bi-ʕammaan	xilaal	il-ʔisbuuʕ	il-maadˁi.
		ten	in-Amman	during	the-week	the-last
		‘As for serious accidents, security police said that more than a dozen occurred in Amman last week.’							(4.11)
(27)	a.	xubaraaʔ	it.taƔծiyah	biʕtiqid-u	ʔinnuh	min	il-ʔafdˁal
		experts	the.nutrition	believe-3M.PL COMP from	the-better
		tanawul	ʔakθar	min	θalaaθah	ħisˁasˁ	fawakih	fi-l-yawm
		consumption	more	than	three	servings	fruits	in-the-day
		‘Dietitians think it is better to eat more than three servings of fruit a day.’							(6.46)
	b.	? ?ħisˁasˁ	fawakih, xubaraaʔ	it.taƔծiyah	biʕtiqd-u	ʔinnuh	min
		servings	fruits,	experts	the.nutrition	believe-3M.PL COMP from
		il-ʔafdˁal	tanawul	ʔkθar	min	θalaaθah	fi il-yawm.
		the-better	consumption	more	than	three	in the-day
		‘As for fruit servings, dietitians think it is better to eat more than three a day.’							(3.52)
(28)	a.	il-ʤamʕaat	zaad-at	ʕadad	il-maqbuuliin
		the-universities	increase-3F.SG number	the-admitted
		baʕd ma kθiir tˁullab	tawjiihi	ʤaab-u	muʕaddalaat	murtafiʕah.
		after	many students	diploma	got-3M.PL	GPAs	high
		‘Universities increased the number of students admitted after many high school students had received high GPAs.’							(6.09)
	b.	? ?tˁullab	tawjiihi,	il-ʤamʕaat	zaad-at		ʕaddad
		students	diploma,	the-universities	increase-3F.SG	number
		il-maqbuuliin	baʕd ma	kθiir	ʤaab-u	muʕaddalaat	murtafiʕah.
		the-admitted	after	many	got-3M.PL	GPAs	high
		‘As for high school students, universities increased the number of students admitted after many had received high GPAs.’							(3.76)
(29)	a.	markaat	ʕalamiyih,	Salma	btiħib	tištari	min	dior.
		brands	international,	Salma	like3F.SG	buy.3F.SG	from
		‘As for international brands, Salma likes to buy from Dior.’							(4.09)
		b.? ?Markaat	ʕalamiyih,	Salma	btištaƔil	bi-š-širkih	illi
		brands	international,	Salma	work.3F.SG	in-the-company	RP
		bitrawwiʤ	a-dior.
		promote.3F.SG for-Dior
		‘As for international brands, Salma works for the company that promotes Dior.’							(3.49)
(30)	a.	Samia	našar-at	išaʕit	innuh	ʕašarah	muhandisiin
		Samia	spread-3F.SG	rumor	COMP	ten	engineers
		tʕayyan-u	bi š-širkih	bi-l-wasˁtˁah.
		hire.PASS-3M.PL	in-the-company	through-the-favoritism
		‘Samia spread the rumor that ten engineers were hired at the company through favoritism.’							(6.46)
	b.	? ?muhandisiin,	Samia	našar-at	išaʕit	innuh	ʕašarah
		engineers,	Samia	spread-3F.SG	rumor	COMP ten
		tʕayyan-u	bi-š-širkih	bi-l-wa sˁtˁah.
		hire.PASS.3M.PL	in-the-company	through-the-favoritism
		‘As for engineers, Samia spread the rumor that ten were hired at the company through favoritism.’							(3.65)

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(31)	*[Gelesen]	kenne	ich	[NP	keinen	Mann [CP	der diese Bücher hat]].
	read	know	I	no	man	who these books has
	‘I know no man who read these books.’ (van Hoof, 2006, (53), 432)

Table

(32)	a.	kaan	Samir	ybaliƔ	iš-širkih	ʕann	in-naas
		was.3M.SG	Samir	report.3M.SG	the-company	about	the-people
		illi	tħawil	taʕtˁi	il-muaDˁDˁafiin	rašwah.
		who	try.3M.PL	give.3M.PL	the-employees	pribe
		‘Samir used to report to the company about people trying to give employees a bribe.’							(6.63)
	b.	*taʕtˁi	il-muaDˁDˁafiin,	kaan	Samir	ybaliƔ
		give.3M	employees	was.3M.SG	Samir	report.3M.SG
		iš-širkih	ʕann	in-naas	illi	tħawil	rašwah.
		the-company	about	the-people	that	try.3M.PL	pribe
		(Lit.: ‘*Give employees, Samir used to report to the company about people trying to a bribe.’)							(2.77)
(33)	a.	sˁaar	Muħammad	ysaaʕid	sˁaaħb = hu	illi
		become	Muhammad	help.3M.SG	friend.=3F.SG	who
		qarrar	yaʕtˁi	itˁ-tˁullab	duruus	xusˁuusˁiyah.
		decided.3M.SG	give.3M.SG	the-students	lessons	private
		‘Muhammad started to help his friend who decided to give the students private lessons.’							(6.47)
	b.	*yaʕtˁi	itˁ-tˁullab,	sˁaar	Muħammad	ysaʕid
		give.3M.SG	the-students,	become	Muhammad	help.3M.SG
		sˁaaħb = hu	illi	qarrar	duruus	xusˁuusˁiyah.
		friend.=3F.SG	who	decided.3M.SG	lessons	private
		(Lit.: ‘*Give the students, Muhammad started to help his friend who decided to private lessons.’)							(2.90)
(34)	a.	sˁar-at	Muna	tiiʤi	bakkiir ʕala	il-madrasah baʕ dma
		become-3F.SG	Muna	come.3F.SG	early	to	the-school	after
		qarrar-at	taʕtˁi	itˁ-tˁulab	duruus	idˁaafiyyah.
		decided3F.SG	give3F.SG	the-students	lesson	additional
		‘Muna started to come early to school after she had decided to give students additional lessons.’							(6.75)
	b.	*taʕtˁi	itˁ-tˁulab,	sˁar-at	Muna	tiʤi	bakkiir
		give3F.SG	the-students,	become-3F.SG Muna	come.3F.SG	early
		ʕala	il-madrasah	baʕdma	qarrar-at	duruus	idˁaafiyyah.
		To	the-school	after	decided3F.SG	lessons	additional
		(Lit.: ‘*Give students, Muna started to come early to school after she had decided to additional lessons.’)							(2.33)

Table

(35)	a.	ʕalii	ʔallaf	θalaθ	gisˁasˁ ʕan	ħaluhi.
		Alii	made up	three	stories	about	himselfi
		‘Alii made up three stories about himselfi.’						(6.42)
	b.	? ?Gisˁasˁ	ʕan	ʕalii	huwai	ʔalaf	θalaaθ.
		Stories	about	Ali,	he	made up	three
		(Lit.: ‘*Stories about Alii, hei made up three.’)						(3.30)

Table

(36)	a.	kull	ʔabb	yiħmil	fi	miħfaDˁat = uh	θalaaθit sˁuwar
		Every	father	carry.3M.SG	in	wallet = 3M.SG	three	pictures
		la-ʔibn = uh	ʕala	ilʔaqall.
		for-son = 3M.SG	at	least
		‘Every father carries at least three pictures of his son in his wallet.’						(6.9)
	b.	? ?sˁuwar	la-ʔibn = uh,	kull	ʔabb	yiħmil	fi
		pictures	for-son = 3M.SG,	Every	father	carry.3M.SG	in
		miħfaDˁat = uh	θalaaθih	ʕala	ilʔaqall.
		wallet = 3M.SG	three	at	least in
		‘Every father carries at least three pictures of his son in his wallet.’						(3.53)

Table

(37)	ʔaħmad	kaan	maqalaat	yunšur	miš	kutub.
	Ahmad	was	articles	publish	not	books.
	‘Ahmad used to publish articles not books.’

Table

(38)	a.	il-FASˁuulia,	Sally	ma	tħib	il-XADˁra.
		the-beans,	Sally	NEG	like.3F.SG	the-green
		‘As for beans, Sally does not like the green ones.’						(3.98)
	b.	*il-fasˁuulia,	Sally	ma	tħib	il-xadˁra.
		the-beans,	Sally	NEG	like.3F.SG	the-green
		‘As for beans, Sally does not like the green ones.’						(1.23)
(39)	a.	il-ʔTˁfaal,	ʕali	ma	bitħammal	il-MUšAAƔibiin.
		the-children,	Ali	NEG	stand.3M.SG	the-naughty.3M.PL
		‘As for children, Ali cannot stand the naughty ones.’						(3.89)
	b.	*il-ʔtˁfaal,	ʕali	ma	bitħammal	il-mušaaƔibiin.
		the-children,	Ali	NEG	stand.3M.SG	the-naughty.3M.PL
		‘As for children, Ali cannot stand the naughty ones.’						(1.79)
(40)	a.	TAʕTˁi	itˁ-tˁullaab	Dˁall-at	il-mʕallmih	KθIIr	ʤawaʔiz w
		give.3F.SG	the-students	kept-3F.SG	the-teacher	many	prizes	and
		bitšaʤʤiʕ=hum.
		encourage.3F.SG = 3M.PL
		‘Give the students many prizes, the teacher did, and encouraged them.’						(3.96)
	b.	Taʕtˁi	itˁ-tˁullaab	Dˁall-at	il-mʕallmih	kθiir	ʤawaʔiz w
		give.3F.SG	the-students	kept-3F.SG	the-teacher	many	prizes	and
		bitšaʤʤiʕ=hum.
		encourage.3F.SG = 3M.PL
		‘Give the students many prizes, the teacher did, and encouraged them.’						(3.23)

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(41)	il-fasˁuulia,	Sally	ma	bitħib	il-xadˁra.
	the-beans,	Sally	NEG	like.3F.SG	the-green
	‘As for beans, Sally does not like green ones.’

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(42)

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(43)

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(44)	tištari	kaan-at	Salma	kull	iši.
	buy.3F.SG	was-3F.SG	Salma	all	thing

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(45)

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(46)	taʔtˁi	itˁ-tˁullaab	Dˁall-at	il-mʕallmih	kθiir	ʤawaʔiz.
	give.3F.SG	the-students	kept-3F.SG	the-teacher	many	prizes
	(Lit.: ‘*Give students, the teacher used to many prizes.’)

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(47)	Topicalization targets the smallest projection that contains the topicalized constituent(s).

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(48)

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(49)	muqtaniʕ	kaan	ʕali	b-kull	qaraarat = uh.
	Satisfied	was	Ali	with-all	decisions = 3M.SG
	‘Satisfied Ali was with all his decisions.’

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(50)

Ott, D. (2015). Symmetric merge and local instability: Evidence from split topics. Syntax, 18(2), 157–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/synt.12027

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