The role of language in economic activities in the Borobudur area: a linguistic landscape study

Figures & data

Table 1. Percentage of language signs in public space at each Balkondes of the Borobudur area.

No	Name Balkondes (B.)	Language Name and Number of Language Signs	Total Number Language Signs for Each Balkondes	Percentage Language Sign (%)
1	B. Borobudur	Indonesian (9)	21	42.8
		Javanese (3)		14.3
		English (6)		28.6
		Indonesian-English (3)		14.3
2	B. Coklat Ndeso	Indonesian-Javanese (1)	2	50
	Bigaran	English-Javanese (1)		50
3	B. Bumiharjo	Indonesia (12)	13	92.3
		English (1)		7.7
4	B. Candirejo	Indonesian (3)	4	75
		Indonesian-English (1)		25
5.	B. Giripurno	Indonesian-English (2)	4	50
		English-Indonesian (1)		25
		Indonesian-Javanese (1)		25
6.	B. Giritengah	Indonesian (1)	5	20
		Javanese (4)		80
7.	B. Karanganyar	Indonesian (7)	13	53.8
		Javanese (2)		15.4
		English (1)		7.7
		Indonesian-English (2)		15.4
		Indonesian-Jawa (1)		7.7
8.	B. Karangrejo	Indonesian (7)	22	31.8
		Javanese (4)		18.2
		English (3)		13.6
		Indonesian-English (2)		9.1
		Javanese-Indonesian (4)		18.2
		Javanese-Indonesian- Inggris (2)		9.1
9	B. Kebonsari	Indonesian (3)	6	50
		Javanese (1)		16.7
		English (1)		16.6
		Indonesia-English (1)		16.7
10.	B. Kembanglimus	Indonesian (7)	9	77.8
		English-Indonesia (2)		22.2
11.	B. Kenalan	Indonesian (8)	12	66.7
		Javanese (3)		25
		English (1)		8.3
12.	B. Majaksingi	Indonesian (5)	8	62.5
		English (3)		37.5
13.	B. Ngadiharjo	Indonesian (5)	7	71.4
		English (2)		28.6
14.	B. Ngargogondo	Indonesian (4)	5	80
		Javanese (1)		20
15.	B. Sambeng	–	–	–
16.	B. Sakapitu, Desa	Indonesian (3)	12	25
	Tegalarum	Javanese (8)		66.7
		Indonesian- Javanese (1)		8.3
17.	B. Tuksongo	Indonesian (5)	8	62.5
		Javanese (1)		12.5
		English (1)		12.5
		Sanskrit (1)		12.5
18.	B. Wanurejo	Indonesian (1)	3	33.3
		Javanese (1)		33.4
		Indonesian-English (1)		33.3
19.	B. Wringinputih	Indonesian (7)	8	87.5
		English (1)		12.5
20.	B. Duta Menoreh,	Indonesian (4)	6	66.6
	Desa Tanjungsari	Inggris (1)		16.7
		Javanese-Indonesian (1)		16.7
	Total number of language signs on all Balkondes		168

Table 2. Typ

es of signs.

Types of Signs	Number of Language Sign	Percentage (%)
Monolingual	141	83.9
Bilingual	25	14.9
Multilingual	2	1.2
Total	168	100

Language signs in the Borobudur public spaces consist of 83.9% monolinguals, 14.9% bilinguals, and 1.2% multilinguals.

Table 3. Monolingual public signs

Language	Number of Language Sign	Percentage (%)
Indonesian	91	64.5
Javanese	28	19.9
English	21	14.9
Sanskrit	1	0.7
Total	141	100

Monolingual public signs consist of Indonesian 64.5%, Javanese 19.9%, English 14.9, and Sanskrit 0.7%. It shows that Indonesian, the national language, occupies the highest position in the public space (Rohmah & Wijayanti, 2023). The following positions are available: Javanese, English, and Sanskrit. The following sequence is in Javanese, English, and Sanskrit. Given these data, it can be concluded that the ideology of the text’s producer prioritizes Indonesian as the national language and employs Javanese as the regional language to demonstrate its regional characteristics.

Table 4. Bilingual public signs.

Language	Number of Language Sign	Percentage (%)
Indonesian-English	12	48
English-Indonesian	3	12
Indonesian-Javanese	4	16
Javanese-Indonesian	5	20
English-Javanese	1	4
Total	25	100

Bilingual public signs consist of Indonesian-English 48%, English-Indonesian 12%, Indonesian-Javanese 16%, Javanese-Indonesian 20%, and English-Javanese 4%. Based on these data, it is known that Indonesian is still dominantly used in public spaces.

Table 5. Multilingual public signs.

Language	Total of Language Signs	Percentage (%)
Javanese-Indonesian-English	2	100
Total	2	100

Multilingual public signs obtained in public spaces are Javanese-Indonesian-English with two language signs, or 100%. It demonstrates that despite the presence of English, the Indonesian language and Javanese continue to be given utmost importance in public spaces.

Figure 1. Indonesian language sign.

Figure 2. Javanese language sign.

Figure 3. English Language Sign.

Figure 4. Sanskrit Language Sign.

Figure 5. Indonesian-English language sign.

Figure 6. English-Indonesian language sign.

Figure 7. Indonesian-Javanese language sign.

Figure 8. Javanese-Indonesian language sign.

Figure 9. English-Javanese language sign.

Figure 10. Javanese-Indonesian-English language sign.

Figure 11. Indonesian and English signs written by tourists.

Figure 12. Javanese alphabet sign.

Figure 13. Javanese alphabet-Indonesian-English sign.