Chemical composition, antibacterial and antifungal activities of Ruta graveolens L. volatile oils

Figures & data

Table 1. Chemical composition of the essential oil of Ruta graveolens L.

RRI	Chemical constituent	M.F	%
1096	2-Nonanone	C9H18O	16.09
1194	2-Decanone	C10H20O	2.58
1294	2-Undecanone	C11H22O	43.66
1303	2-Undecanol	C11H24O	2.19
1315	2-Acetoxy tetradecane	C16H32O2	14.49
1331	1-Methyl-5,6-divinyl-1-cyclohexene	C11H16	3.38
1397	2-Dodecanone	C12H24O	2.23
1498	2-Tridecanone	C13H26O	2.59
1552	Nonyl cyclopropanecarboxylate	C13H24O2	9.22
1598	2,7-Dimethyl-3,6-dimthylene-1,7-octadiene	C12H18	0.63
1828	Ethyl piperonyl acetate	C12H14O4	0.43
1866	1,5-Isobutyl-1,3-benzodioxole	C11H14O2	0.72
2016	Methyl-3-methylene-1,2,3,3a,4,4a,4b,5,6,10b-decahydrocyclopropa[3,4]cyclohepta[1,2a]naphthalen-8-yl ether	C18H22O	1.79
Total			100.0

Notes: RRI: Relative retention index calculated against n-alkanes on the HP-5MS column; M.F Molecular formula of the chemical compound; % percentages were calculated from flame ionization detector data.

Table 2. Comparative study of R. graveolens L. essential oils with previous results

Major compounds	Percentage (%)	Place	Reference
Undecanone-2, 2-Nonanone, 2-Acetoxy tetradecanone, Nonyl cyclopropanecarboxylate	43.66, 16.09	India	Present study
	14.49, 9.22
2-Nonanone, Chalepensin, 2-Undecanone, Chalepin, Bergapten, Psoralen, Hexatriacontane	8.97, 7.11, 6.81, 6.66, 5.54, 5.32, 5.14	Colombia	Stashenko et al. (2000)
2-Undecanone, 2-Heptanol acetate, 1-Dodecanol, Geyrene, 2-Nonanone	33.9, 17.5, 11.0, 10.4, 8.8,	North of Iran	Soleimani et al. (2009)
2-Undecanone, 2-Nonanone, Pregeijerene	50.93, 16.85, 8.72	Mérida	Janne Rojas et al. (2011)
2-Undecanone, 2-Nonanone, Pregeijerene	37,80, 28.28, 6,8	Miranda states
2-Undecanone 2-Nonanone	46.8, 18.8,	Italy	De Feo et al., 2002
2-Undecanone 2-Nonanone	55.4, 21.62	Algeria	Farah Haddouchi et al. (2013)
2-Undecanone 2-Nonanone, 2-Acetyltridecane	46.15, 27.01	China	Tang et al. (2011)
	12.73
2-Undecanone 2-Nonanone, 2-Nonylacetate, Xanthotoxin	30.73, 18.06	Malaysia	Yaacob et al. (1989)
	11.03, 7.24
2-Undecanone 2-Nonanone	49.20, 24.70	Egypt	Aboutabl et al. (1988)
2-Undecanone 2-Nonanone	43.0, 33.5	Mérida state	Meccia et al. (2008)
2-Undecanone 2-Nonanone	50.50, 17.47	Egypt	El-Sherbeny et al. (2007)
2-Nonanone, 2-Undecanone followed by 2-Nonanol, 2-Octyl acetate	38.66, 27.34, 12.25, 7.71	Tunisia	Fredj et al. (2007)
2-Undecanone 2-Nonanone	47.21, 39.17	Brazil	França Orlanda and Nascimento (2015)

Table 3. Zones of growth inhibition (mm) and MIC, showing antibacterial activity of R. graveolens L. essential oil

Microbial Strains	Zone inhibition (mm)^a ± standard deviation		MIC (μg/mL)^b
	Essential oil	RA^b	Essential oil
Gram-positive
Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10876)	26.60 ± 0.03	22.20 ± 0.02	1.0 ± 0.06
Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC 13047)	18.00 ± 0.05	20.04 ± 0.03	0.89 ± 0.05
Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 49452)	27.10 ± 0.02	23.85 ± 0.05	1.0 ± 0.08
Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC15313)	18.30 ± 0.04	23.40 ± 0.02	0.70 ± 0.04
Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923)	23.40 ± 0.06	19.46 ± 0.04	1.0 ± 0.02
Micrococcus flavus (ATCC 25923)	21.20 ± 0.02	17.06 ± 0.06	1.48 ± 0.09
Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 9341)	19.06 ± 0.05	24.02 ± 0.02	1.0 ± 0.03
Gram-negative
Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC 19606)	18.60 ± 0.05	19.00 ± 0.08	1.22 ± 0.06
Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922)	17.70 ± 0.02	20.40 ± 0.02	0.65 ± 0.04
Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 700603)	18.10 ± 0.04	19.48 ± 0.03	1.58 ± 0.05
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	15.30 ± 0.06	18.24 ± 0.06	1.0 ± 0.07
Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 35659)	22.00 ± 0.02	15.23 ± 0.03	0.76 ± 0.04
Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 13311)	13.03 ± 0.03	17.04 ± 0.05	1.34 ± 0.05
Citrobacter freundii (ATCC 8090)	16.02 ± 0.03	18.80 ± 0.06	1.0 ± 0.03
Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC 13048)	12.57 ± 0.03	16.88 ± 0.02	72.0 ± 0.09

^a Values represent means ± standard deviations for triplicate experiments (p < 0.05).

^b RA = reference of antibiotics gentamicin for gram-positive bacteria and mikacin for gram-negative bacteria used was 30 μg/dick.

Table 4. In vitro antifungal activity of essential oils

Essential oil strains	Inhibitory diameters^a(mm)
	R grievances. L. (10 μL/disc)	Amphotericin B. (20 μg/disc)
Alternaria alternata (MNHN 843390)	22.30 ± 0.04	25.01 ± 0.04
Aspergillus flavus (MNHN 994294)	25.60 ± 0.02	19.04 ± 0.06
Aspergillus fumigates (MNHN 566)	14.30 ± 0.06	26.02 ± 0.07
Candida albicans (ATCC 26790)	35.10 ± 0.02	24.00 ± 0.04
Cladosporium herbarum (MNHN 3369)	26.06 ± 0.05	34.03 ± 0.09
Fusarium oxyporum (MNHN 963917)	20.02 ± 0.06	11.01 ± 0.05

^a Disc diameter (mm) included.

Table 5. In vitro MIC values (μg/mL) of essential oils against filamentous fungi and yeast

Essential oil strain	R. graveolens L.	Amphotericin B
Alternaria alternata (MNHN 843390)	9.80 ± 0.05	1.00 ± 0.01
Aspergillus flavus (MNHN 994294)	9.05 ± 0.03	6.00 ± 0.05
Aspergillus fumigates (MNHN 566)	4.50 ± 0.07	3.51 ± 0.02
Candida albicans (ATCC 26790)	22.00 ± 0.09	3.00 ± 0.02
Cladosporium herbarum (MNHN 3369)	8.50 ± 0.03	3.03 ± 0.06
Fusarium oxyporum (MNHN 963917)	9.06 ± 0.04	25.01 ± 0.09

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