Bioactive compounds of freshly harvested open pollinated varieties (OPV) of orange maize (zea mays): Varietal, maturity, and boiling methods effects

Figures & data

Table 1. Bioactive contents of unprocessed fresh orange OPV maize at different harvest maturity stages (N = .64 for each maturity stage)

Maturity		^aLutein	Zeaxanthin	β-Cryptoxanthin	α-Carotene	β-Carotene 9cis	Trans β-carotene	β-Carotene 13cis
20 DAP	Mean	6.35ab	11.1a	2.68a	0.470b	0.230b	1.79a	0.660b
	Min	4.74	8.44	1.74	0.240	0.180	1.07	0.400
	Max	7.58	13.1	3.33	0.560	0.280	2.19	0.850
	LSD (0.05)	1.15	2.25	0.771	0.094	0.068	0.320	0.134
	SE	0.117	0.199	0.071	0.013	0.004	0.044	0.016
	CV (%)	1.85	1.79	2.65	2.68	1.69	2.46	2.37
27 DAP	Mean	5.95b	7.62b	2.07b	0.460b	0.260b	1.56b	0.660b
	Min	4.91	5.57	1.00	0.250	0.210	1.07	0.430
	Max	6.66	9.99	2.92	0.570	0.290	1.91	0.780
	LSD (0.05)	1.15	2.25	0.771	0.094	0.068	0.320	0.134
	SE	0.075	0.183	0.072	0.013	0.004	0.035	0.015
	CV (%)	1.26	2.40	3.49	2.74	1.46	2.25	2.27
34 DAP	Mean	7.19a	11.3a	3.15a	0.600a	0.410a	1.90ab	0.840a
	Min	5.62	8.82	2.34	0.540	0.300	1.63	0.630
	Max	8.56	14.4	4.68	0.660	0.620	2.23	0.980
	LSD (0.05)	1.15	2.25	0.771	0.094	0.068	0.320	0.134
	SE	0.129	0.253	0.090	0.006	0.012	0.029	0.016
	CV (%)	1.80	2.25	2.87	1.03	3.05	1.53	1.97
Maturity		Total β-Carotene	Provitamin A	TVA	Phytate	Tannin	Vitamin C
20 DAP	Mean	2.67b	3.93b	4.15b	2.22a	2.32a	40.5c
	Min	1.70	2.49	2.63	1.55	1.93	32.7
	Max	3.18	4.73	4.99	2.49	2.54	60.0
	LSD (0.05)	0.456	0.727	0.765	0.246	0.359	6.79
	SE	0.060	0.092	0.097	0.042	0.024	1.05
	CV (%)	2.26	2.35	2.35	1.90	1.05	2.60
27 DAP	Mean	2.47b	3.48b	3.68b	1.34b	1.22b	56.0a
	Min	1.73	2.21	2.34	1.12	0.56	49.8
	Max	2.92	4.33	4.57	1.51	1.52	61.9
	LSD (0.05)	0.456	0.727	0.765	0.246	0.359	6.79
	SE	0.052	0.083	0.087	0.018	0.040	0.583
	CV (%)	2.10	2.37	2.36	1.38	3.33	1.041
34 DAP	Mean	3.15ab	4.66a	4.92a	1.06c	1.45c	49.2b
	Min	2.73	4.00	4.22	0.880	1.16	46.2
	Max	3.52	5.07	5.35	1.17	2.42	54.5
	LSD (0.05)	0.456	0.727	0.765	0.246	0.359	6.79
	SE	0.037	0.054	0.056	0.011	0.051	0.402
	CV (%)	1.16	1.16	1.15	1.00	3.54	0.817

Table 2. Bioactive contents of boiled fresh orange OPV maize without husk at different harvest maturity stages (N = 64 for each maturity stage)

Maturity		^aLutein	Zeaxanthin	β-Cryptoxanthin	α-Carotene	β-Carotene 9cis	Trans β-carotene	β-Carotene 13cis
20 DAP	Mean	6.87b	10.4a	2.56b	0.570a	0.230b	1.70b	0.760b
	Min	4.95	6.62	1.08	0.190	0.200	0.610	0.310
	Max	7.98	12.3	3.21	0.780	0.250	2.23	0.920
	LSD (0.05)	1.42	2.20	2.81	0.203	0.115	0.635	0.294
	SE	0.115	0.227	0.085	0.021	0.002	0.061	0.023
	CV (%)	1.68	2.18	3.30	3.72	0.779	3.57	3.06
27 DAP	Mean	7.32ab	11.1a	2.89ab	0.640a	0.320ab	2.23a	1.01a
	Min	6.05	7.78	1.21	0.260	0.210	0.910	0.410
	Max	9.20	14.2	4.60	1.26	0.720	4.30	1.84
	LSD (0.05)	1.42	2.20	2.81	0.203	0.115	0.635	0.294
	SE	0.141	0.256	0.121	0.036	0.021	0.119	0.051
	CV (%)	1.93	2.32	4.18	5.54	6.70	5.35	5.01
34 DAP	Mean	8.13a	11.6a	5.14a	0.650a	0.330a	2.30a	1.01a
	Min	6.36	7.92	2.59	0.430	0.250	1.90	0.720
	Max	10.9	15.9	17.2	0.850	0.430	3.05	1.31
	LSD (0.05)	1.42	2.20	2.81	0.203	0.115	0.635	0.294
	SE	0.179	0.310	0.613	0.018	0.009	0.054	0.024
	CV (%)	2.20	2.67	11.9	2.84	2.76	2.34	2.33
Maturity		Total β-Carotene	Provitamin A	Tva	Phytate	Tannin	Vitamin C
20 DAP	Mean	2.69b	4.05b	4.27b	1.18b	1.84a	28.3b
	Min	1.13	1.67	1.76	0.990	1.60	27.5
	Max	3.37	5.10	5.38	1.34	2.42	29.0
	LSD (0.05)	1.00	1.89	1.98	0.213	0.360	3.35
	SE	0.085	0.128	0.135	0.015	0.036	0.058
	CV (%)	3.14	3.16	3.16	1.31	1.98	0.205
27 DAP	Mean	3.56a	4.89b	5.17b	1.59a	1.33b	33.2a
	Min	1.54	2.14	2.26	1.36	1.03	31.62
	Max	6.85	9.01	9.53	1.89	1.55	35.7
	LSD (0.05)	1.00	1.89	1.98	0.213	0.360	3.35
	SE	0.188	0.241	0.255	0.022	0.021	0.204
	CV (%)	5.28	4.92	4.93	1.40	1.55	0.615
34 DAP	Mean	3.65a	6.38a	6.72a	1.74a	1.63ab	28.3b
	Min	2.98	4.51	4.76	1.56	1.17	20.0
	Max	4.78	11.7	12.2	2.00	2.02	33.1
	LSD (0.05)	1.00	1.89	1.98	0.213	0.360	3.35
	SE	0.082	0.297	0.307	0.017	0.035	0.529
	CV (%)	2.24	4.65	4.57	0.984	2.18	1.87

Means with different letters along columns are significantly different at P < 0.05;

^aParameters were in two replications, two locations, and analysed in duplicate.

Table 3. Bioactive contents of boiled fresh orange OPV maize with husk at different harvest maturity stages (N = 64 for each maturity stage)

Maturity		^aLutein	Zeaxanthin	β-Cryptoxanthin	α-Carotene	β-Carotene 9cis	Trans β-carotene	β-Carotene 13cis
20 DAP	Mean	7.34a	11.7b	2.82b	0.580b	0.250b	1.77b	0.810b
	Min	5.19	9.21	1.67	0.320	0.190	1.08	0.490
	Max	9.56	15.6	3.26	0.750	0.320	2.22	0.960
	LSD (0.05)	1.73	2.52	0.887	0.246	0.108	0.768	0.353
	SE	0.177	0.292	0.064	0.015	0.005	0.043	0.019
	CV (%)	2.40	2.51	2.28	2.67	2.03	2.41	2.33
27 DAP	Mean	8.59a	14.2a	3.57a	0.880a	0.380a	2.72a	1.22a
	Min	6.17	9.41	1.48	0.300	0.230	0.950	0.420
	Max	12.4	20.4	5.73	1.52	0.660	4.79	2.12
	LSD (0.05)	1.73	2.52	0.887	0.246	0.108	0.768	0.353
	SE	0.260	0.457	0.156	0.048	0.019	0.157	0.066
	CV (%)	3.03	3.21	4.37	5.42	5.06	5.78	5.39
34 DAP	Mean	8.43a	11.3b	3.32a	0.650b	0.320ab	2.34ab	1.03ab
	Min	6.84	8.60	1.79	0.390	0.210	1.20	0.510
	Max	9.44	14.0	4.51	0.810	0.400	2.89	1.26
	LSD (0.05)	1.73	2.52	0.887	0.246	0.108	0.768	0.353
	SE	0.106	0.212	0.104	0.021	0.008	0.077	0.028
	CV (%)	1.25	1.87	3.14	3.20	2.44	3.31	2.75
Maturity		Total β-Carotene	Provitamin A	TVA	Phytate	Tannin	Vitamin C
20 DAP	Mean	2.83b	4.35b	4.59b	1.55c	1.95b	38.7a
	Min	1.76	2.63	2.77	1.39	1.63	34.5
	Max	3.42	5.19	5.48	1.88	2.24	43.6
	LSD (0.05)	1.17	1.51	1.60	0.243	0.492	3.44
	SE	0.064	0.099	0.105	0.021	0.037	0.396
	CV (%)	2.26	2.28	2.28	1.33	1.88	1.02
27 DAP	Mean	4.32a	6.04a	6.38a	2.38a	2.62a	30.8b
	Min	1.60	2.30	2.43	2.21	1.91	27.6
	Max	7.46	10.2	10.8	2.50	4.08	32.3
	LSD (0.05)	1.17	1.51	1.60	0.243	0.492	3.44
	SE	0.239	0.306	0.324	0.013	0.089	0.225
	CV (%)	5.54	5.08	5.08	0.528	3.41	0.731
34 DAP	Mean	3.69ab	5.22ab	5.51ab	2.04b	1.53c	35.3ab
	Min	1.92	2.78	2.94	1.81	1.31	31.9
	Max	4.54	6.41	6.77	2.29	1.75	37.9
	LSD (0.05)	1.17	1.51	1.60	0.243	0.492	3.44
	SE	0.107	0.150	0.158	0.023	0.021	0.262
	CV (%)	2.90	2.87	2.87	1.11	1.38	0.744

Means with different letters along columns are significantly different at P < 0.05;

^aParameters were in two replications, two locations, and analysed in duplicate.

Table 4. Percentage true retention of bioactive content of boiled orange OPV maize without husk at two locations (N = 64 for each maturity stage)

Maturity		^aLutein		Zeaxanthin		β-Cryptoxanthin		α-Carotene		Trans β-carotene		Total β-carotene
		% TRT	% Change	% TRT	% Change	% TRT	% Change	% TRT	% Change	% TRT	% Change	% TRT	% Change
20 DAP	Mean	111.46	11.38	94.29	–5.74	98.70	–1.31	119.88	20.05	95.38	–4.70	101.10	1.07
	Min	94.8	–5.22	80.3	–19.8	73.6	–26.4	86	–14.5	64.7	–35.3	74	–26
	Max	145	44.9	106	5.57	127	26.9	147	47	113	12.8	117	17.4
27 DAP	Mean	121.18	21.29	145.00	44.95	132.85	32.92	127.50	27.38	130.40	30.50	129.61	29.65
	Min	93.4	–6.62	122	21.9	98.8	–1.25	90	–10.2	85.9	–14.1	89.8	–10.2
	Max	131	30.9	197	96.7	164	64.1	145	44.9	160	60	152	52.1
34 DAP	Mean	120.83	20.75	107.71	7.62	142.50	42.47	109.10	9.11	123.61	23.58	117.68	17.72
	Min	94.9	–5.07	86	–14.1	77	–23	77.8	–22.2	92.9	–7.15	94.4	–5.59
	Max	170	69.8	180	79.8	332	231	158	57.5	166	65.8	157	56.8
Maturity		Total xanthophylls		Provitamin A		Theoretical vitamin A		Phytate		Tannin		Vitamin C
		%TRT	% Change	% TRT	% Change	% TRT	% Change	% TRT	% Change	% TRT	% Change	% TRT	% Change
20 DAP	Mean	118	17.6	103.55	3.45	115	15.4	52.2	–47.8	56.0	–44.0	79.5	–20.5
	Min	83.9	–16.1	76.6	–23.4	95.8	–4.23	40.2	–59.8	50.2	–49.8	49.5	–50.5
	Max	164	63.7	124	23.5	136	36.4	59.6	–40.4	65.0	–35.0	90.6	–9.36
27 DAP	Mean	165	65.3	127.68	27.84	160	59.7	102	3.49	113	13.5	59.9	–40.1
	Min	128	27.7	96.5	–3.53	103	2.84	82.5	–17.5	79.9	–20.1	54.0	–46.0
	Max	235	135	146	45.8	264	164	125	25.4	199	98.7	72.1	–27.9
34 DAP	Mean	108	8.35	128.53	28.61	111	10.9	142	41.5	72.6	–27.4	61.7	–38.3
	Min	80.2	–19.8	97.2	–2.81	70.0	–30.0	104	4.40	62.3	–37.7	48.7	–51.3
	Max	144	43.8	170	69.7	154	54.0	162	61.7	95.8	–4.22	71.7	–28.3

^aParameters were in two replications, two locations, and analysed in duplicate.

Table 5. Percentage true retention of bioactive content of boiled orange OPV maize with husk at two locations (N = 64 for each maturity stage)

Maturity		^aLutein		Zeaxanthin		β-Cryptoxanthin		α-Carotene		Trans β-carotene		Total β-carotene
		% TRT	% Change	% TRT	% Change	% TRT	% Change	% TRT	% Change	% TRT	% Change	% TRT	% Change
20 DAP	Mean	121.90	23.18	109.09	9.08	113.89	13.97	125.00	24.85	103.16	3.25	109.74	9.59
	Min	97.2	–2.79	84.5	–15.5	94.1	–5.89	112	12.1	89.6	–10.4	95.9	–4.15
	Max	155	54.7	136	35.9	139	39.4	138	37.9	111	11.1	116	15.7
27 DAP	Mean	142.88	42.73	188.13	88.28	168.13	68.09	177.38	77.36	157.54	57.54	157.81	57.64
	Min	126	25.5	141	41.5	105	5.41	118	18.2	87.3	121.04	20.94	–8.47
	Max	171	70.7	299	199	243	143	277	177	250	74.9	–25.1	146
34 DAP	Mean	121.00	21.14	105.96	5.93	111.39	9.16	109.79	9.92			116.16	23.22
	Min	108	8.68	86.6	–13.4	66.9	–33.1	72.3	–27.7			71.3	6.78
	Max	134	34	131	31.5	154	53.5	150	50.4	152	51.9	138	37.7
Maturity		Total xanthophylls		Provitamin A		Theoretical vitamin A		Phytate		Tannin		Vitamin C
		% TRT	% Change	% TRT	% Change	% TRT	% Change	% TRT	% Change	% TRT	% Change	% TRT	% Change
20 DAP	Mean	103	2.74	115.25	15.42	48.1	0.025	61.6	–38.4	86.4	–13.6	98.9	–1.13
	Min	67.8	–32.2	102	2.13	–11.4	–56.7	43.4	–56.6	69.1	–30.9	92.5	–7.54
	Max	126	26.4	125	25.1	73.2	106	97.8	–2.2	116	15.8	118	18.0
27 DAP	Mean	130	30.5	159.	59.71	75.1	–24.9	72.5	–27.5	118	17.7	58.6	–41.4
	Min	112	12.2	103	3.09	39.7	–60.3	43.4	–56.6	53.9	–46.1	46.6	–53.4
	Max	146	45.7	247	147	103	2.62	137	37.0	275	175	64.7	–35.3
34 DAP	Mean	116	16.1	110	14.59	68.9	–31.1	104	3.94	151	51.1	129	29.4
	Min	83.5	–16.5	70	–8.42	35.4	–64.6	43.4	–56.6	60.1	–39.9	114	13.6
	Max	181	81.5	135	34.7	109	8.98	163	63.4	452	352	153	52.9

^aParameters were in two replications, two locations, and analysed in duplicate.