Spring wheat response to nitrogen, tillage and cropping system under rainfed condition

Figures & data

Figure 1. Rainfall pattern/distribution during the three years (2005–2008).

Table 1. Soil water contents, grain yield harvest index, water use efficiency, and grain nitrogen of dryland wheat as affected during the three years (2005–2008)

Parameters	Year-1	Year-2	Year-3
Water contents of soil (%) by weight	19.71^c	26.35^a	21.32^b
Grain yield (kg ha^−1)	1,481^c	2,561^a	1,804^b
Harvest index (%)	40.1^b	43.5^a	41.01^b
Water use efficiency (kg ha^−1 mm^−1)	5.85^b	6.08^a	3.53^c
Grain nitrogen concentration	1.91	2.13	1.88

Notes: Year-1 = 2005–2006, Year-2 = 2006–2007, and Year-3 = 2007–2008.

Means within the row with different superscript letters are significantly different at 5% probability level using LSD.

Table 2. Soil water contents, grain yield harvest index, water use efficiency, and grain nitrogen of dryland wheat as affected by cropping system

Parameters	W–F–M	W–Mb–M
Water contents of soil (%) by weight	24.52^a	20.42^b
Grain yield (kg ha^−1)	1,957^a	1,626^b
Harvest index (%)	39.89	39.49
Water use efficiency (kg ha^−1 mm^−1)	5.72^a	5.18^b
Grain nitrogen concentration	2.23^a	1.71^b

Notes: W–F–M = Wheat–Fallow–Wheat and W–Mb–M = Wheat–Mungbean–Wheat.

Means within the row with different superscript letters are significantly different at 5% probability level using LSD.

Table 3. Soil water contents, grain yield, harvest index, water use efficiency, and grain nitrogen of dryland wheat as affected by tillage system

Tillage system	Moisture	GY	WUE	HI	GN
No tillage (NT)	18.65^c	1,693^b	7.40^a	39.55^b	1.86^b
Reduced tillage (RT)	21.92^a	1,797^a	7.91^a	40.87^a	2.01^a
Conventional tillage (CT)	21.44^a	1,778^a	7.59^a	40.88^a	1.96^a
Maximum tillage (MT)	20.24^b	1,716^b	6.79^a	39.75^b	1.99^a

Notes: Soil moisture (%) by weight, GY = Grain yield kg ha⁻¹, WUE = (kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹), HI = Harvest Index (%), and GN = grain nitrogen (%).

Means within the column with different superscript letters are significantly different at 5% probability level using LSD.

Table 4. Soil water contents, grain yield, water use efficiency, harvest index, and grain nitrogen of dryland wheat as affected by nitrogen levels.

Nitrogen (kg ha^−1)	Moisture	GY	WUE	HI	GN
00	20.81^a	1,410^d	5.82^d	39.38^a	1.88^a
25	20.81^a	1,659^c	6.90^c	38.77^a	1.90^a
50	20.81^a	1,805^b	7.02^b	40.43^a	2.01^a
75	20.81^a	2,110^a	7.77^a	40.48^a	2.02^a

Notes: Moisture (%), GY = Grain yield kg ha⁻¹, WUE = (kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹), HI = Harvest Index (%), and GN = grain nitrogen (%).

Means within the column with different superscript letters are significantly different at 5% probability level using LSD.

Figure 2. Percent moisture availability at wheat sowing time, as affected by cropping system and tillage (2005–2008).

Note: Vertical bars represent SE of means of three replicates.

Figure 3. Grain yield of wheat as affected by moisture availability at the time of sowing (2005–2008).

Note: Vertical bars represent SE of means of three replicates.

Figure 4. Grain yield as affected by tillage system and years 2005–2008 wheat-growing season.

Note: Vertical bars represent SE of means, values of the means of three replicates.

Figure 5. Grain yield as affected by N levels during the period 2005–2008 wheat-growing season.

Note: Vertical bars represent SE of means, values of the means of three replicates.