Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies on the effect of Senna alata in Swiss Albino mice

Figures & data

Table 1. Acute toxicity study of ethanol extract of Senna alata in mice

Observations	Response
	Control	1,000 mg/kg body wt.	2,000 mg/kg body wt.	3,000 mg/kg body wt.
Consciousness	+	+	+	+
Grooming	−	−	−	−
Touch response	+	+	+	+
Sleeping duration	+	+	+	+
Movement	+	+	+	+
Gripping strength	+	+	+	+
Righting reflex	+	+	+	+
Food intake	+	+	+	+
Water consumption	+	+	+	+
Tremors	−	−	−	−
Diarrhea	−	−	−	−
Hyper activity	−	−	−	−
Pinna reflex	+	+	+	+
Corneal reflex	+	+	+	+
Salivation	+	+	+	+
Skin color	+	+	+	+
Lethargy	−	−	−	−
Convulsion	−	−	−	−
Morbidity	−	−	−	−
Sound response	+	+	+	+

Notes: + = normal, − = absent.

Table 2. Body weight of mice during sub-acute toxicity study after administration of S. alata extract

	Body weight
	Initial day	After 5 days	After 10 days	After 15 days
Control	26.3 ± 0.35	27.45 ± 0.5	29.95 ± 1.51	34.34 ± 4.33
1,000 mg/kg	24.67 ± 0.3	26.20 ± 0.54	28.14 ± 0.41	30.87 ± 2.38
2,000 mg/kg	24.63 ± 0.25	26.59 ± 0.35	27.51 ± 0.35	29.32 ± 0.66
3,000 mg/kg	25.02 ± 0.32	26.94 ± 0.51	28.11 ± 0.5	30.44 ± 1.79

Note:

All values are expressed as mean ± SD of 6 animals.

Table 3. Absolute organ weight (g) and relative organ weight (g) during sub-acute toxicity study of S. alata extract

	Liver		Kidney		Spleen
	Absolute organ weight	Relative organ weight	Absolute organ weight	Relative organ weight	Absolute organ weight	Relative organ weight
Control	1.58 ± 0.11^a	4.59 ± 0.23^b	0.25 ± .014^c	0.72 ± 0.03^d	0.23 ± 0.02^e	0.66 ± 0.05^f
1,000 mg/kg	1.62 ± 0.02^a	5.23 ± 0.28^b	0.25 ± 0.02^c	0.79 ± 0.03^d	0.20 ± 0.03^e	0.61 ± 0.06^f
2,000 mg/kg	1.57 ± 0.09^a	5.33 ± 0.20^b	0.23 ± 0.02^c	0.79 ± 0.10^d	0.21 ± 0.03^e	0.72 ± 0.10^f
3,000 mg/kg	1.50 ± 0.14^a	5.00 ± 0.54^b	0.22 ± 0.03c	0.73 ± 0.05^d	0.20 ± 0.02^e	0.67 ± 0.08^f

Notes:

Values are expressed as mean ± SD of 6 animals. A rows means followed by a common superscript are not significantly at 5% by using DMRT.

Table 4. Hematological parameters of sub-acute toxicity study of S. alata extract in mice

Hematological parameters	Group 1 control	Group 2 1,000 mg/kg body wt.	Group 3 2,000 mg/kg body wt.	Group 4 3,000 mg/kg body wt.	Unit of values
Hemoglobin	14.03 ± 0.45^a	13.7 ± 0.41^a	14 ± 0.43^a	14.16 ± 0.67^a	gm/dl
RBC count	7.07 ± 0.81^b	7.07 ± 0.31^b	7 ± 0.57^b	7.1 ± 0.51^b	Million/Cu mm
Total lymphocytes	11.71 ± 1^c	11.68 ± 0.4^c	11.57 ± 0.23^c	11.53 ± 0.5^c	10^3/μl
Neutrophils	25.5 ± 3.78^d	24.83 ± 3.82^d	25.17 ± 3.31^d	25.17 ± 2.56^d	%
Lymphocytes	66.55 ± 2.91^e	65.1 ± 3.89^e	64.79 ± 2.35^e	64.45 ± 3.34^e	%
Eosinophils	1.33 ± 0.52^f	1.33 ± 0.52^f	1.33 ± 0.52^f	1.33 ± 0.52^f	%
Monocytes	0	0	0	0	%
Basophils	0	0	0	0	%
Platelet count	273 ± 7.35^g	268.17 ± 11.34 ^g	268.83 ± 6.33^g	271.67 ± 25.57 ^g	10^3/μl

Notes:

Values are expressed as mean ± SD of 6 animals. A column means followed by a common superscript are not significant at 5% by using DMRT.

Table 5. Sub-acute toxicity study on the electrolytes of mice after treatment with S. alata alcoholic leaf extracts

Serum biochemical parameter	Group 1 control	Group 2 1,000 mg/kg body wt.	Group 3 2,000 mg/kg body wt.	Group 4 3,000 mg/kg body wt.	Unit of values
Phosphorus	5.5 ± 0.5^a	5.1 ± 0.83^a	5.0 ± 0.4^a	5.4 ± 0.3^a	mg/dl
Chloride	102.82 ± 3.94^b	102.77 ± 3.36^b	102.4 ± 1.6^b	100.13 ± 1.88^b	mmol/lit
Calcium	10.47 ± 0.52^c	10 ± 0.01^c	10.06 ± 0.2^c	10.1 ± 0.5^c	mg/dl

Notes:

Values are expressed as mean ± SD of 6 animals. A column means followed by a common superscript are not significant at 5% by using DMRT.

Table 6. Sub-acute toxicity study on biomarkers of kidney malfunction in mice treated with S. alata

Serum biochemical parameter	Group 1 control	Group 2 1,000 mg/kg body wt.	Group 3 2,000 mg/kg body wt.	Group 4 3,000 mg/kg body wt.
Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.87 ± 0.12^d	0.84 ± 0.18^d	0.87 ± 0.18^d	0.86 ± 0.12^d
Uric acid (mg/dl)	4.45 ± 0.38^e	4.41 ± 0.51^e	4.25 ± 0.79^e	4.21 ± 0.16^e

Notes:

Values are expressed as mean ± SD of 6 animals. A column means followed by a common superscript are not significant at 5% using DMRT.

Table 7. Sub-acute toxicity study of biomarkers of liver malfunction in mice treated with S. alata

Serum biochemical parameter	Group 1 control	Group 2 1,000 mg/kg body wt.	Group 3 2,000 mg/kg body wt.	Group 4 3,000 mg/kg body wt.	Unit of values
Glucose	103.78 ± 9.3^a	99.61 ± 7.6^a	103.88 ± 1.81^a	86.3 ± 1.41^a	mg/dl
Total protein	6.55 ± 1.15^b	6.33 ± 0.1.15^b	6.21 ± 0.42^b	6 ± 0.44^b	g/dl
Albumin	3.95 ± 0.1^c	3.86 ± 0.15^c	3.87 ± 0.18^c	3.8 ± 0.43^c	g/dl
Alkaline phosphatase	99.44 ± 8.65^d	95.6 ± 12.33^d	95.2 ± 15.04^d	97 ± 6.33^d	IU/L
Aspartate transaminase	102.28 ± 27.29^e	93.41 ± 10.92^e	97.91 ± 12.23^e	97.83 ± 8.57^e	IU/L
SGPT	38 ± 7.6^f	36.27 ± 6.4^f	36 ± 11.8^f	38.05 ± 6^f	IU/L
Direct bilirubin	0.173 ± 0.03^g	0.156 ± 0.04^g	0.165 ± 0.05^g	0.165 ± 0.06^g	mg/dl
Total bilirubin	0.87 ± 0.06^h	0.85 ± 0.13^h	0.86 ± 0.09^h	0.86 ± 0.06^h	mg/dl
Cholesterol	196.64 ± 20.69^i	193.85 ± 18.16^i	196.4 ± 20.9^i	195.15 ± 8.85^i	mg/dl
Triglycerides	131.1 ± 10.08^j	130.45 ± 9.1^j	129.66 ± 9.53^j	130 ± 7.41^j	mg/dl

Notes:

Values are expressed as mean ± SD of 6 animals. A column means followed by a common superscript are not significant at 5% by using DMRT.

Figure 1. Histology study of liver from of mice: (a) control group; (b) 1,000 mg/kg; (c) 2,000 mg/kg and (d) 3,000 of S. alata leaf extract in a 15-day sub-acute toxicity.

Notes: No significant damage was detected in any treatment group Indicators: Bowman’s capsule (BW), glomerulus (G), proximal collecting tubule (P), distal collecting tubule (D).

Figure 2. Histology study of kidney of mice: (a) control group; (b) 1,000 mg/kg; (c) 2,000 mg/kg and (d) 3,000 of S. alata leaf extract in a 15-day sub-acute toxicity.

Notes: No significant damage was detected in any treatment group. Indicators: Portal Triad (pt); Central Vein (CV).

Figure 3. Histology study of spleen of mice showing normal splenocytes with defined red pulp and white pulp in control and treated group: (a) Control; (b) 1,000 mg/kg; (c) 2,000 mg/kg and (d) 3,000 mg/kg body weight of S.alata leaf extract.

Notes: No significant damage was detected in any treatment group Indicators: Red pulp (r), White pulp (w).