Anti-inflammatory activities of extracts from Oliva sp., Patella rustica, and Littorina littorea collected from Ghana’s coastal shorelines

Figures & data

Figure 1. Effect of LLE, LLEA, and LLM (50–150 mg kg⁻¹) on time course curve (a, a′, & a″) and the total edema response in carrageenan-induced foot edema in chicks (b, b′, & b″). Values are means ± SEM (n = 4). p > 0.05 (ns), p < 0.05 (*), p < 0.01 (**), p < 0.001 (***), p < 0.0001 (****) compared to vehicle-treated group. (One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett post hoc test). p > 0.05(ns), p < 0.05 (ϕ), p < 0.01 (ϕϕ), p < 0.001 (ϕϕϕ), p < 0.0001 (ϕϕϕϕ) compared to vehicle-treated group (one-way ANOVA followed by Holm–Sidak’s post hoc test). LLE (Litorrina littorea 70% ethanol extract), LLEA (Litorrina littorea ethyl acetate extract) and LLM (Litorrina littorea methanol extract).

Figure 2. Effect of OSE, OSEA, and OSM (50–150 mg kg⁻¹) on time course curve (c, c′, & c″) and the total edema response in carrageenan-induced foot edema in chicks (d, d′,& d″). Values are means ± SEM (n = 4). p > 0.05 (ns), p < 0.05 (*), p < 0.01 (**), p < 0.001 (***), p < 0.0001 (****) compared to vehicle-treated group. (One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett post hoc test). p > 0.05(ns), p < 0.01 (ϕ), p < 0.001 (ϕϕ), p < 0.0002 (ϕϕϕ), p < 0.0001 (ϕϕϕϕ) compared to vehicle-treated group (one-way ANOVA followed by Holm–Sidak’s post hoc test). OSE (Oliva sp., 70% ethanol extract), OSEA (Oliva sp., ethyl acetate extract), and OSM (Oliva sp., Methanol extract).

Figure 3. Effect of PRE and PREA (50–150 mg kg⁻¹) on time course curve (e & e′) and the total edema response in carrageenan-induced foot edema in chicks (f & f′). Values are means ± SEM (n = 4). p > 0.05 (ns), p < 0.05 (*), p < 0.01 (**), p < 0.001 (***), p < 0.0001 (****) compared to vehicle-treated group. (One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test). p > 0.05 (ns), p < 0.05 (ϕ), p < 0.01 (ϕϕ), p < 0.004 (ϕϕϕ), p < 0.0001 (ϕϕϕϕ) compared to vehicle-treated group (one-way ANOVA followed by Holm–Sidak’s post hoc test). PRE (Patella rustica ethanol extract), PREA (Patella rustica ethyl acetate extract).

Figure 4. Effect of Normal saline 99% and Diclofenac (25 mg/kg) on time course curve (a) and the total edema response in carrageenan-induced foot edema in chicks (b). Values are means ± SEM (n = 4). p > 0.05 (ns), p < 0.05 (*), p < 0.01 (**), p < 0.001 (***), p < 0.0001 (****) compared to vehicle-treated group. (One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test).

Table 1. Effect of extracts on carrageenan-induced edema in seven-day old chicks

Extract	ED50 (mg/kg) ± SEM
LLE	119.80 ± 1.15
LLEA	80.72 ± 1.18
LLM	16.61 ± 1.70
OSE	36.83 ± 1.30
OSEA	10.16 ± 1.47
OSM	73.46 ± 1.19
PRE	82.70 ± 1.15
PREA	43.25 ± 1.49

Notes: LLE (Litorrina littorea 70% ethanol extract); LLEA (Litorrina littorea ethyl acetate extract); LLM (Litorrina littorea methanol extract); OSE (Oliva sp., 70% ethanol extract); OSEA (Oliva sp., ethyl acetate extract); OSM (Oliva sp., Methanol extract); PRE (Patella rustica 70% ethanol extract); PREA (Patella rustica ethyl acetate extract).

Figure 5. Comparative effect of extracts from mollusks (mean ED₅₀) on carrageenan-induced edema in seven-day old chicks (one-way ANOVA followed by Holm–Sidak’s post hoc test; p > 0.05; no significant difference between mean ED₅₀ of each mollusk extracts).