Indigenous Myanmar medicinal plants and comparison of their in vitro antioxidant, antiglycation, and antimicrobial activities

Figures & data

Table 1. Selected Myanmar medicinal plants

Extract code	Botanical name	Family name	Parts used
AGE221	Terminalia chebula Retz.	Combretaceae	Branch
AGE222	Punica granatum Linn.	Lythraceae	Fruit
AGE223	Tamarindus indica Linn.	Caesalpiniaceae	Bark
AGE224	Tamarindus indica Linn.	Caesalpiniaceae	Pulp
AGE225	Annona squamosa Linn.	Annonaceae	Fruit
AGE226	Aegle marmelos Corr.	Rutaceae	Fruit
AGE227	Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels.	Myrtaceae	Pulp
AGE228	Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels.	Myrtaceae	Seed
AGE229	Alpinia officinarum Hance.	Zingiberaceae	Rhizome
AGE230	Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir.	Fabaceae	Flower
AGE231	Citrullus colocynthis Schred.	Cucurbitaceae	Leaves
AGE232	Phyllanthus distichus Muell.	Euphorbiaceae	Fruit
AGE233	Caesalpinia bonducella Flem.	Caesalpiniaceae	Seed
AGE234	Persea gratissima C.F. Gaertn.	Lauraceae	Seed
AGE235	Persea gratissima C.F. Gaertn.	Lauraceae	Pulp
AGE236	Morinda angustifolia Roxb.	Rubiaceae	Fruit
AGE237	Tectona hamiltoniana Wall.	Verbenaceae	Bark
AGE238	Limonia acidissima Linn.	Rutaceae	Stem
AGE239	Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.	Asteraceae	Leaves
AGE240	Jasminum grandiflorum Linn.	Oleaceae	Flower
AGE241	Crataeva religiosa Forst.	Capparidaceae	Bark
AGE242	Cassia auriculata Linn.	Caesalpiniaceae	Powder from local shop
AGE243	Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels	Myrtaceae	Flowers

Table 2. % Inhibition of various biological activities and total phenolic content of selected Myanmar medicinal plant extracts

Extract code	Inhibition rate (%)				Total phenolic content (TPC) (mgGAE/g of extract)
	In vitro DPPH free radical- scavenging activity	In vitro nitric oxide (NO) radical- scavenging activity	In vitro super oxide (SO) radical- scavenging activity	In vitro antiglycation activity
AGE221	66.51 ± 2.28*	82.80 ± 3.12	76.98 ± 2.90	79.06 ± 1.90	78.60 ± 0.01^c
AGE222	61.58 ± 1.78*	86.49 ± 3.73	60.53 ± 8.39	76.54 ± 2.18	35.85 ± 0.00^g
AGE223	52.79 ± 4.99*	80.28 ± 7.92	89.35 ± 5.72	75.72 ± 2.49	233.85 ± 0.04^a
AGE224	17.09 ± 0.99*	48.39 ± 2.27*	16.62 ± 5.46*	51.50 ± 3.89*	11.23 ± 0.02°
AGE225	61.24 ± 1.89*	61.18 ± 5.01*	44.16 ± 5.97*	64.27 ± 4.05*	18.78 ± 0.00^k
AGE226	48.62 ± 1.61*	62.96 ± 1.84*	49.19 ± 5.13*	28.78 ± 5.34*	27.63 ± 0.02^j
AGE227	38.53 ± 0.11*	49.73 ± 5.64*	34.28 ± 6.29*	61.08 ± 3.04*	10.09 ± 0.02^q
AGE228	75.80 ± 1.02	83.84 ± 1.07	77.54 ± 8.14	59.72 ± 7.34*	214.47 ± 0.01^b
AGE229	60.55 ± 3.31*	63.44 ± 4.84	71.39 ± 7.31	45.89 ± 5.58*	51.36 ± 0.00^e
AGE230	30.28 ± 1.50*	59.17 ± 5.66*	42.61 ± 7.05*	44.26 ± 6.55*	17.29 ± 0.01^n
AGE231	15.94 ± 3.40*	35.44 ± 6.30*	36.96 ± 3.37*	55.23 ± 5.28*	17.96 ± 0.00^m
AGE232	44.95 ± 3.61*	58.50 ± 3.25*	21.86 ± 3.74*	30.81 ± 4.76*	28.69 ± 0.00^i
AGE233	28.56 ± 2.11*	47.28 ± 5.88*	36.40 ± 6.04*	52.11 ± 3.18*	18.09 ± 0.00^l
AGE234	32.00 ± 3.33*	88.52 ± 0.53	59.32 ± 5.39*	60.32 ± 2.96*	57.98 ± 0.00^d
AGE235	13.88 ± 0.98*	16.56 ± 7.06*	8.67 ± 3.24*	35.52 ± 4.69*	8.03 ± 0.01^r
AGE236	25.34 ± 0.60*	59.07 ± 3.99*	28.88 ± 3.87*	53.38 ± 3.92*	6.03 ± 0.00^s
AGE237	59.86 ± 1.13*	64.70 ± 2.64	56.42 ± 5.78*	69.38 ± 2.76	ND
AGE238	43.12 ± 0.92*	39.14 ± 7.27*	65.53 ± 4.58	11.99 ± 0.00*	10.83 ± 0.00^p
AGE239	45.64 ± 2.10*	44.74 ± 3.81*	25.27 ± 4.59*	49.79 ± 3.76*	29.49 ± 0.01^h
AGE240	57.22 ± 5.42*	31.07 ± 3.93*	40.04 ± 6.79*	7.84 ± 3.67*	48.60 ± 0.00^f
AGE241	ND	88.92 ± 5.08	40.78 ± 7.96*	25.08 ± 3.11*	ND
AGE242	ND	64.19 ± 9.71	67.31 ± 5.28	51.29 ± 2.07*	ND
AGE243	ND	98.45 ± 1.12	71.60 ± 4.64	58.54 ± 4.22*	ND
Ascorbic acid	84.78 ± 0.47	81.69 ± 1.13	-	-	-
Gallic acid	-	76.59 ± 0.38	83.24 ± 1.22	-	-
Rutin	-	-	-	87.68 ± 1.75	-

Results were shown as the average of triplicates of experiments ± standard error of mean.*P< 0.05, vs standard in each group. Different letters (a to s) indicated descending order of the total phenolic contents of the tested extracts which are significantly different (P< 0.05) from each other. DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; GAE: gallic acid equivalent; ND: not detected.

Figure 1. Standard calibration curve of gallic acid at concentrations of 0, 1.7, 5, 15, 44, 131, 392 and 1,176 mg/L.

Figure 2. Correlation between TPC and inhibition rate (%) of DPPH, NO, SO and AGE of selected Myanmar medicinal plant extracts. TPC: total phenolic content; DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; NO: nitric oxide; SO: superoxide; AGE: advanced glycation end-product.

Table 3. Antimicrobial activity of selected Myanmar medicinal plant extracts

Extract code	Inhibition zone diameter (mm)
	S. aureus	B. cereus	E. coli	E. faecalis	P. aeruginosa	C. albicans
AGE221	17	13	0	0	13	15
AGE222	17	14	0	0	20	13
AGE223	0	0	0	0	0	0
AGE224	12	17	11	13	17	16
AGE225	11	14	0	12	20	15
AGE226	12	0	0	0	ND	12
AGE227	12	0	0	11	ND	11
AGE228	18	20	0	0	ND	20
AGE229	14	13	0	15	ND	14
AGE230	10	11	0	11	ND	11
AGE231	0	0	0	0	ND	11
AGE232	17	20	21	23	ND	18
AGE233	10	11	0	10	ND	10
AGE234	10	11	0	0	ND	0
AGE235	11	14	0	12	ND	12
AGE236	11	10	0	0	ND	11
AGE237	0	9	0	0	ND	0
AGE238	0	9	0	0	ND	9
AGE239	10	10	0	0	ND	12
AGE240	14	11	0	12	ND	15
AGE241	0	0	0	0	ND	11
AGE242	0	0	0	0	ND	10
AGE243	13	11	0	14	ND	12
70%Ethanol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chloramphenicol	27	24	24	24	ND	30

ND = Not detected.