Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), a dominant spice and traditional medicinal herb for both food and medicinal purposes

Figures & data

Table 1. Plant spices known as anise

Scientific names and synonyms	Common names	Uses	Origin/Introduction to Europe	Cultivation	Potentially toxic compounds	Toxicity
Pimpinella anisum Linne (Umbeliferae family)	Anise, anis vert, aniseed	Carminative, antispasmodic, expectorant, insecticide, bactericide, aromatic; manufacture of preserves, liquirs, and confectionery	Middle East/introduced by the Moors	Mediterranean	Anethole	Relatively safe
Illicium verum Hooker filius; Illicium anisatum Lour (Magnoliaceae family)	Star anise, Chinese star anise, badiane	Antioxidant, antimicrobial, expectorant, analgesic, and sedative	Asia/17^th century	Southeast Asia	Anethole, estragole, veranisatin A, B, and C	Toxic at high doses
Illicium anisatum Linne, Illicium japonicum, Illicium religiosum	Japanese star anise, shikimmi, skimmi	No clear medicinal effects	Asia	Sotheast Asia	Anethole Anisatins	Highly toxic (not authorized use)

Table 2. Mean values or components of anise essential oil analyzed by GC-MS (Ullah, Mahmood, & Honermeier, 2013)

No.	Components	Kovats retention index	%
1	Estragol	1,197	0.33
2	Cis-Anethole	1,252	0.14
3	Trans-Anethole	1,287	82.1
4	δ-Elemene	1,333	0.45
5	β-Elemene	1,388	0.08
6	α-Himachalene	1,449	0.71
7	γ-Himachalene	1,478	7.0
8	α-Amorphane	1,482	0.15
9	(E)-Methylisoeugenol	1,489	0.14
10	α-Zingiberene	1,493	0.77
11	β-Himachalene	1,499	0.44
12	α-Muurolene	1,502	0.15
13	β-Bisabolene	1,506	0.38
14	β-Sesquipehllandrene	1,522	0.05
15	Spathulenol	1,580	0.04
16	Unknown	1,629	0.05
17	α-Cadinol	1,651	0.08
18	Unkown	1,831	5.95
19	Unknown	1,886	0.92

No. of identified compounds.

Table 3. Chemical composition of Pimpinella anisum essential oil analyzed by GC/MS (Singh, Kappor, Singh, de Heluani, & Caralan, 2008)

Compound	%MS	RI#	Identification Φ
α-pinene	0.1	927	MS,RI,co-GC
Sabinene	t	964	MS,RI,co-GC
Myrcene	t	983	MS,RI,co-GC
Αα-phellandrene	t	998	MS,RI,co-GC
p-cymene	0.1	1018	MS,RI,co-GC
Limonene	0.8	1023	MS,RI,co-GC
1,8-cineole	0.1	1026	MS,RI,co-GC
Cis-β-ocimene	t	1029	MS,RI,co-GC
Fenchone	5.0	1083	MS,RI,co-GC
Camphor	0.2	1138	MS,RI,co-GC
Methyl chavicol	2.3	1192	MS,RI
Endo-fenchyl acetate	0.1	1224	MS,RI,co-GC
Cis-anethole	0.5	1247	MS,RI
p-anisaldehyde	0.5	1253	MS,RI
Trans-anethole	90.1	1294	MS,RI
Total	99.9%

Trace ˂0.05; # the retention index (RI) was calculated using a homologous series of n-alkanes C₈-C₁₈;Φ_co-GC: coinjection with an authentic sample. Percentages are the mean of three runs and were obtained from electronic integration measurements using selective mass detector.

Table 4. Anise methanolic extract and molecular formula

No.	Compound name	Molecular formula
1	Anethole	C10H12O
2	Varidiflorene	C15H24
3	Eicosane	C20H42
4	Docosane	C22H46
5	Nonadecane	C19H40
6	Pentadecane	C15H32
7	Butanoic acid	C15H20O3
8	Heneicosane	C21H44
9	Octacosane	C28H58
10	Hexadecane	C20H42
11	Cyclohexane	C26H50

Table 5. Chemical composition (%) of oleoresins (in various solvents) of Pimpinella anisum analyzed by GC/MS (Singh et al., 2008)

Compounds	PS2	PS3	PS4	PS5	RI#	Identification Φ
p-cymene	—	—	t	—	1028	MS,RI,co-GC
Limonene	t	—	0.5	t	1031	MS,RI,co-GC
1,8-cineole	—	—	t	—	1034	MS,RI,co-GC
Cis-β-ocimene	—	—	t	—	1039	MS,RI,co-GC
Fenchone	1.2	0.3	0.9	0.4	1093	MS,RI,co-GC
Undecane	t	—	—	0.3	1100	MS,RI,co-GC
Camphor	t	t	t	—	1149	MS,RI,co-GC
Methyl chavicol	t	—	0.5	t	1201	MS,RI
Endo-fenchyl acetate	t	t	t	t	1226	MS,RI
p-anisaldehyde	t	—	t	t	1258	MS,RI
Trans-anethole	14.1	5.7	19.7	6.4	1295	MS,RI
Palmitic acid, methyl ester	t	0.3	t	t	1914	MS,RI
Plamitic acid	8.5	7.9	5.3	5.7	1968	MS,RI,co-GC
Palmitic acid, ethyl ester	1.2	—	—	—	1981	MS,RI,co-GC
Linoleic acid, methyl ester	t	0.7	0.1	t	2080	MS,RI,co-GC
Oleic acid methyl ester	t	2.8	0.4	0.5	2086	MS,RI,co-GC
Oleic acid	57.9	75.5	57.5	63.5	2130	MS,RI,co-GC
Oleic acid, ethyl ester	11.0	—	—	—	2146	MS,RI,co-GC
Stearic acid	1.9	—	—	—	2157	MS,RI,co-GC
2-oleoylglycerol	2.3	2.8	2.1	3.6	—	MS
Squalene	—	t	0.2	t	—	MS
Octacosanal	t	t	0.4	0.6	—	MS
Stigmasterol	t	t	0.4	0.5	—	MS

PS2: ethanol extract; PS3: methanol extract; PS4: -hexane extract; PS5: petroleum benzene extract. Trace: ˂0.05; # the retention index (RI) was calculated using a homologous series of n-alkanes C₆-C₂₂; Φ coinjection with an authentic sample. Percentages are the mean of three runs and were obtained from electronic integration measurements using a selective mass detector.

Table 6. Oil content and fatty acid composition of anise (Alfekaiki, 2018)

Element	Mineral contents (%)
Carbon	34.5
Oxygen	21.1
Nitrogen	ND
Aluminum	20.5
Bromine	14
Iron	ND
Copper	3.63
Lanthanum	5.85
Palladium	0.35
Sulfur	0.15
Potassium	ND
Magnesium	ND

Table 7. Composition of Pimpinella anisum essential oil (%) of various origins (Saibi, Belhadj, & Benyoussef, 2013)

Components	Algeria		Reported compositions
		Turkey	Turkey	Portugal
Linalool	0.3	-	0.8	-
Terpinene 4-ol	-	-	0.6	-
Methyl chavicol	-	-	0.8	-
α-terpineol	-	-	1.0	-
Estragol	1.9	0.6	-	2.2
Anisaldehyde	-	0.9	0.5	1.9
Cis-anethole	0.5	0.3	0.1	Tr
Trans-anethole	92.4	95.4	89.5	92.5
Methy eugenol	-	-	0.6	-
γ-himachalene	1.1	0.8	-	-
Zingiberene	0.3	-	-	-
Anesic acid	-	0.5	-	-
Anisylacetone	0.3	-	0.2	-
Anisyl alcohol	-	-	0.1	-
o-isoeugenol	1.9	-	0.2	-
Trans-Pseudoisoeugenyl-2-methybutyrate	-	-	-	0.1
Butanoic acid, 2-methyl-,4-methody-2(3-methyloxiranyl)phenyl ester	0.3	-	-	-

Table 8. Properties of aniseed oil (Yadav, Mahadwad, Kshirsagar, & Gite, 2015)

Sr. no.	Parameter	Results
1	Color	Pale yellow
2	Specific gravity	0.987
3	Saponification value	168.3
4	Acid value	2.55
5	Iodine value	99
6	Refractive index	1.55
7	Odor	Sweet like Anethole

Table 9. Total phenols, carotenoids, and tannins in ethanolic extract of anise (Tolba, El-Sherif, & El-Sherif, 2012)

Total phenols (as mg gallic acid)	64.63
Carotenoids (mg/100g)	23.33
Tannins (mg as tannic acid)	83.31

Table 10. HPLC-analysis of polyphenolic compounds in ethanolic extracts of anise

Compound		Anise
	Rt	Area (%)	ppm
Protocatchoi	-	-	-
Catechein	2.467	1.2923	3.310
Pyrogallo	2.494	1.4354	6.391
Chlorogenic	2.785	4.0396	2.875
Caffeic	-	-	-
Vanillic	-	-	-
Syrinic	3.933	1.0083	0.137
Caffeine	-	-	-
P. coumaric	6.090	0.6257	0.060
Ferullic	-	-	-
Salycilic	6.541	2.3829	1.704
Coumarin	6.679	1.3413	0.132
Cinnamic	8.447	0.2376	0.017
Chrisin	11.708	0.2359	1.285
Hypersoid	4.936	3.9599	47.103
Quecettin	7.384	1.2037	17.239
Luteolin	7.756	1.8574	159.300
Kampferol	8.757	0.5232	7.177
Apegnin	8.860	0.3272	6.880
Total area of phenolic compounds		7360.32203
Total area of flavonoid compounds		7681.33273

Table 11. Oil yield and fatty acid composition (%) of Tunisian and Egyptian anise (Pimpinella anisum) seeds (means of six replicates ± S.D). Values with different superscripts (a-b) are significantly different at p ˂ 0.05 (Rebey et al., 2017)

	TAS	EAS
Oil yield (%)	11.60 ± 0.03^a	9.82 ± 0.02^b
Saturated fatty acid (SFA)(%)
Capric acid (C10:0)	0.16 ± 0.03^a	0.11 ± 0.01^a
Lauric acid (C12:0)	0.52 ± 0.01^a	0.44 ± 0.02^a
Myristic acid (C14:0)	0.07 ± 0.01^a	0.02 ± 0.00^a
Palmitic acid (C16:0)	4.90 ± 0.22^b	13.20 ± 0.09^a
Stearic acid (C18:0)	0.85 ± 0.04^a	0.66 ± 0.01^a
Arachidic acid (C20:0)	0.07 ± 0.01^a	0.07 ± 0.00^a
Total	6.57	14.5
Unsaturated fatty acid (UFA)(%)
Petroselinic acid (C18:1 ∆6)	46.60 ± 0.22^a	38.40 ± 0.11^b
Oleic acid (C18:1 ∆9)	21.05 ± 0.08^a	18.47 ± 0.13^b
Lioleic acid (C18:2)	22.99 ± 0.44^a	23.18 ± 0.22^a
Linolenic acid (C18:3)	1.07 ± 0.01^a	0.58 ± 0.04^b
Total	91.71	80.63

Notes: Values with different superscripts (a-b) are significantly different at p ˂ 0.05 (means of six replicates); SFA: saturated fatty acid; UFA: unsaturated fatty acid.

Table 12. Positive antimicrobial effects (average zone of inhibition) produced by methanol, ethanol, and aqueous extract of aniseed, and that in positive controls (Islam et al., 2016)

Extraction condition	Day of extraction		Zone of inhibition (mm)
		Bacillus cereus	Bacillus subtilis	Streptococcus pneumonae
Methanol extraction	2^nd day	19.03 ± 1.53	18.77 ± 0.55	12.07 ± 1.39
	5^th day	20.13 ± 0.32	19.27 ± 1.2	14.5 ± 0.65
	7^th day	18.43 ± 1.15	15.63 ± 1.16	14.87 ± 0.96
	Positive controls	28.61 ± 0.91	23.44 ± 0.5	31.67 ± .88
Ethanol extraction	2^nd day	14.90 ± 0.36	14.01 ± 0.7	12.17 ± 0.12
	5^th day	14.52 ± 0.95	12.19 ± 0.9	13.00 ± 0.7
	7^th day	14.78 ± 0.94	16.08 ± 1.36	14.44 ± 1.17
	Positive controls	28.20 ± 1.3	23.80 ± 1.47	31.39 ± 1.67
Aqueous extraction	2^nd day	11.05 ± 0.69	10.83 ± 1.18	-
	Positive controls	29.56 ± 0.91	24.83 ± 1	-

The results represent the mean ± SD of values obtained from three independent experiments.

Table 13. Antifungal activity of the essential oils is expressed through the minimal inhibitory concentrations (mg/ml) (Starovic et al., 2016)

Fungal species	Anise
Bipolaris/Drechslera sorociniana	0.325
Fusarium subglutinans	0.0775
Fusarium verticillioides	0.325
Fusarium oxysporum	0.55
Fusarium tricinctum	0.325
F. sporotrichioides	0.055
F. equiseti	5.5
F. incarnatum	7.75
Macrophomina phaseolina	0.325
F. proliferatum	7.75

*Values of MIC, followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p ˂ 0.05) according to Duncan^,s multiple range test.

Table 14. Positive phytochemical assay of aniseed in aqueous extract (Islam et al., 2016)

S1. No	Test	Interference	Results
1	Tannin	Bluish-black or brownish-green precipitate	Present
2	Saponin	Frothing	Present
3	Terpenoid	Reddish brown precipitate	Present
4	Flavonoid	Appearance of yellow color	Present
5	Cardiac glycoside	Appearance greenish and violet ring	Present
6	Alkaloids	Creamy-white precipitate	Present
7	Phenolics	Appearance of dark green color	Present
8	Steroid	Appearance of red colored product	Present

Ghazanfarpour, Sadeghi, Abdolahian, and Roudsari (2016) showed that anise can alleviate the side effects of hot flashes, so they suggest usage of herbal medicine can be seen as an alternative treatment for women experiencing hot flashes.

Table 15. Antifungal activity of anise fluid extract and essential oil by the diffusion method (Kosalec, Pepeljnjak, & Kustrak, 2005)

	Fungi		Inhibition zone (mm)
		Reference substance^a	Fluid extract	Essential oil
Yeasts	Candida albicans	18	12	29
	C. tropicalis	23	11	AE^c
	C. pseudotropicalis	18	10	AE^c
	C. parapsilosis	18	11	30
	C. krusei	17	11	AE^c
	C. glabrata	18	0	21
	Geotrichum spp.	19	GPA^b	17
Dermatophytes	Trichophyton rubrum	21	20	25
	T. mentagrophytes	24	29	23
	Microsporum canis	21	26	27
	M. gypseum	21	23	21

^a Nistatin as reference substance (0.5 mg mL⁻¹) for yeasts and ketoconazole for dermatophytes.

^b GPA, growth promotion activity.

^C AE, fungicidal influence of aerosol (0.7 µL cm⁻³).

Table 16. Antifungal activity of anise fluid extract and essential oil by the dilution method (Kosalec et al., 2005)

	Fungi			Antifungal activity
		Reference substance^a (µg mL^−1)		Fluid extract (%, V/V)		Essential oil (%, V/V)
		MIC^b	MFC^c	MIC	MFC	MIC	MFC
Yeasts	Candida albicans	0.5	1	19	25	1.00^d	2.00^d
	C. parapsilosis	1	2	18	25	0.10^d	0.20^d
	C. tropicalis	1	2	18	25	0.10^d	0.20^d
	C. pseudotropicalis	0.5	1	17	20	0.20^d	0.39^d
	C. krusei	0.5	1	20	25	0.20^d	0.39^d
	C. glabrata	2	4	nt	nt	0.10^d	0.20^d
	Geotrichum spp.	2	4	nt	nt	1.56^d	3.12^d
Dermatophytes	Trichophyton rubrum	0.25	0.5	1.5	3	0.20^d	0.39^d
	T. mentagrophytes	0.50	1	9.0	20	0.78^d	1.56^d
	Microsporum canis	0.25	0.5	2.5	5	0.10^d	0.20^d
	M. gypseum	0.25	0.5	7.0	15	0.20^d	0.39^d

^a Nistatin as reference antimycotic against yeasts tested and ketoconazole against dermatophytes tested.

^b MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration.

^c MFC, minimum fungicidal concentration.

^d Significantly different from fluid extract (p˂0.01).

Nt, not tested.

Table 17. Qualitative analysis of methanolic extract and various fractions (Shobha & Andallu, 2016)

Test	Me	He	Be	Ea	n-But	Aq
Carbohydrates
a. Molisch test	+	-	-	+	-	++
b. Fehling^,s test	-	-	-	-	-	+
c. Barfoed^,s test	-	-	-	-	-	-
d. Benedict^,s test	-	-	-	-	-	+
Amino acids
a. Ninhydrin test	+	-	-	+	-	++
b. Hopkin^,s-Cole test	-	-	-	-	-	-
c. Erhlich^,s test	-	-	-	-	-	-
d. Pauly^,s test	-	-	-	-	-	-
e. Nitroprusside test	-	-	-	-	-	-
Flavonoids
a. Sodium hydroxide test	++	+	+	+++	+	+
b. Sodium acetate test	++	+	+	+++	+	+
c. Sulfuric acid test	++	+	+	+++	+	+
Polyphenols and tannins
a. Ferric chloride test	++	+	+	+++	+	+
b. Potassium dichromate test	++	+		+++	+	+
c. Potassium ferricyanide test	++	+		+++	+	+
Sappnins
a. Foam test	+	++		++	+	+
Sterols
a. Leibermann Buchard^,s test	+	+++		+	+	+
b. Salkowski test	+	++			-	+

Me, Methanolic extract; He, Hexane; Be, Benzene; Ea, ethyl acetate; n-But, n-Butanol; Aq, Aqueous

Table 18. Phytoceuticals in methanolic extract and various fractions of aniseed (Shobha & Andallu, 2016)

Sample extract	Total phenolic (mg/100 g) GAE	Total flavonoids (mg/100 g) RE	Total Flavonols (mg/100 g) RE
Methanol	0.63 ± 2.3	0.32 ± 0.9	0.47 ± 1.9
Hexane	0.16 ± 2.9	0.20 ± 0.5	0.24 ± 0.5
Benzene	0.23 ± 0.6	0.27 ± 1.4	0.34 ± 0.3
Ethyl acetate	0.77 ± 0.3	0.45 ± 1.6	0.55 ± 0.1
n-butanol	0.42 ± 1.7	0.15 ± 1.1	0.41 ± 0.9
Aqueous	0.15 ± 2.1	0.07 ± 1.7	0.08 ± 1.4

Values are mean ± SEM of three replicates.

Table 19. Essential oil composition of Tunisian and Egyptian anise (Pimpinella anisum) seeds (means of six replicates ± S.D). Values with different superscripts (a-b) are significantly different at p ˂ 0.05 (Rebey et al., 2017)

			%	%
Compunds*	RI^a	RI^b	TAS	EAS
Terpene hydrocarbons			0.13	0.04
Linalool	1097	1557	0.13 ± 0.01^a	0.04 ± 0.04^b
Oxygenated monoterpene			0.06	0.02
α-Terpinene	1018	1249	0.06 ± 0.01^a	0.02 ± 0.00^a
Phenylpropanoids			95.78	94.99
Anisole	918	1720	0.97 ± 0.05^a	0.52 ± 0.03^b
Estragole	1197	1430	0.20 ± 0.03^b	3.74 ± 0.13^a
Trans-anethole	1253	1740	94.30 ± 0.01^a	90.41 ± 0.22^b
p-Anisaldehyde	1250	1718	0.17 ± 0.01^a	0.10 ± 0.07^a
Cis-isoeugenol	1359	2180	0.14 ± 0.01^a	0.22 ± 0.02^a
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons			3.95	2.48
β-Elemene	1388	1465	0.07 ± 0.66^a	0.09 ± 2.11^a
γ-Himachalene	1484	1690	2.32 ± 0.04^a	1.08 ± 0.01^b
Zingiberene	1494	1672	0.30 ± 0.03^a	0.25 ± 0.03^a
β-Himachalene	1505	1942	0.12 ± 0.02^a	0.11 ± 0.01^a
β-Bisabolene	1506	1832	0.19 ± 0.02^b	0.85 ± 0.01^a
Isolongifolene	1532	2003	0.04 ± 0.00^a	0.02 ± 0.00^a
Diepi-α-cedrene	1575	2020	0.91 ± 0.02^a	0.08 ± 0.00^b
Total identified			99.74	97.53

Notes: Volatile compounds percentages in the same line with different letters (a-b) are significantly different at p ˂ 0.05 (means of six replicates). RI^a order of elution in apolar column (HP-5); RI^b order of elution in polar column (HO Innowax), MS: mass spectrum.

Table 20. Antimicrobial activity of P. anisum EO in disc-diffusion method (30 µl/disc) (Abdel-Reheem & Oraby, 2015)

Microorganism		Inhibition zones in mm
	P. anisum oil	Corn oil	Streptomycin
Staphylococcus aureus	15	0	19
Streptococcus pyogenes	12	0	17
Escherichia coli	15	2	19
Salmonella typhi	17	1	20
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	10	0	15
Enterococcus faecalis	16	0	18
Micrococcus luteus	14	3	20
Candida albicans	10	1	ND

ND= not detected.

Table 21. The major molecular compounds identified in the essential oils of cumin, clove, cinnamon, anis, and laurel using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (Sergio, Fabiola, Guadalupe, Blanca, & Leon, 2013)

			Essential oils
Compound	Cumin (Cuminum cyminum)	Clove (Eugenia cyryophyllata)	Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum)	Anis (Pimpinella anisum)	Laurel (Laurus nobilis)
α-Pinene	×		×
Limonene	×			×	×
γ-Terpinene	×
Cuminaldehyde	×
Alcohol cuminic	×
Eugenol		×
Caryophyllene		×	×
Acetate of eugenyle		×
Chavicol		×
Carene			×	×
Cinnamaldehyde			×
Geraniol			×
β-Myrcene					×
Germancrene				×
Eucalyptol					×
Ocimene					×
Trans-anethol				×
Cis-anethol				×

Table 22. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Pimpinella anisum EO (Abdel-Reheem & Oraby, 2015)

Microorganism		Inhibition zones in mm
	P. anisum oil	Corn oil	Streptomycin
Staphylococcus aureus	3.0	N	1.5
Streptococcus pyogenes	4.0	N	1.0
Escherichia coli	2.5	10.0	1.5
Salmonella typhi	2.0	N	1.5
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	3.0	N	1.5
Enterococcus faecalis	2.0	N	1.0
Micrococcus luteus	2.0	9.0	1.5
Candida albicans	4.0	N	ND

ND = not detected, N = bacteria not effected at any concentration.

Table 23. Antioxidant activity of aniseed (Pimpinella anisum L.) extracts as affected by maturity stages (Rebey et al., 2019)

			Antioxidant assays
		DPPH (IC50 µg/mL)	Chelating ability (IC50 mg/mL)	Reducing power (EC50 µg/mL)
Turkey	Immature	103.45	108.8	1234.28
	Intermediate	42.97	57.81	947.05
	Mature	18.97	12.46	684.73
Serbia	Immature	153.18	122.76	982.27
	Intermediate	58.04	68.09	687.41
	Mature	20.18	10.89	565.11
Egypt	Immature	103.02	130.55	1080.39
	Intermediate	62.17	68.51	764.22
	Mature	16.77	13.17	618.82
Tunisia	Immature	96.21	97.34	1154.33
	Intermediate	35.27	52.84	755.88
	Mature	12.87	9.23	523.47

Table 24. GC-MS chromatography of anise oil components (Obaid, Al Janabi, & Taj-Aldin, 2017)

No.	Compound	Rt (min)	M. Weight	Area
1	Alfa-pinene	5.61	136	0.63
2	Estragole	13.81	148	3.7
3	Anethole	15.99	148	18.54
4	β-Himachalene	20.9	204	8.5
5	Αα-Himachalene	21.87	204	6.6
6	cyclohexene	22.84	82	2.01
7	2-Methoxy-5-(1-propenyl) phenol	31.05	164	2.93

Figure 1. Alfa-pinene.

Figure 2. Estragole.

Figure 3. Anethole.

Figure 4. β-Himachalene.

Figure 5. α-Himachaelen.

Figure 6. Cyclohexene.

Figure 7. 2-Methoxy-5-(1-propenyl) phenol.

Figure 8. Biochemical reactions leading to phenylpropenes in plants. The reactions catalyzed by known enzymes are indicated (Koeduka, Baiga, Noel, & Pichersky, 2009) .

Table 25. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of P. anisum dried extract on different fungi species (Yazdani et al., 2009)

			Dried extract concentration (mg/ml)
Fungi species	64	32	16	8	Control
Aspergillus niger	-	-	-	-	-
Candida albicans	+	+	+	-	-
Microsporum canis	+	+	+	-	-
Epidermophyton fluccosum	+	+	+	-	-
Trichophyton mentagrophytes	+	+	+	-	-

+ = Positive inhibition, - = Negative inhibition

Table 26. Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of P. anisum dried extract on different fungi species (Yazdani et al., 2009)

				Dried extract concentration (mg/ml)
Fungi species	256	128	64	32	16	8	4	control
Aspergillus niger	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Candida albicans	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Microsporum canis	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-
Epidermophyton fluccosum	+	+	+	+	+	+	-	-
Trichophyton mentagrophytes	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	-

+ = Positive inhibition, - = Negative inhibition

Table 27. The pharmacological effects of Pimpinella anisum (Shojaii & Abdollahi Fard, 2012)

System	Effect
Organism	Antibacterial
	Antifungal
	Insecticidal
	Antiviral
Muscle	Muscle relaxant of tracheal chain
	Antispasmodic and relaxant of anococygeus smooth muscle
Nervous system	Anticonvulsant
	Analgesic
	Conditioned place aversion in morphine dependence
Gastrointestinal	Laxative
	Increase glucose absorption from the jejunum
Renal	Reduce volume of urine by increase activity of the renal Na^+-K^+-ATPase
Endocrine	Antidiabetic
	Hypolipidemic
Immune system	Antioxidant
Others	Reduction of menopausal hot flashed
	Growth promoter of day-old broilers
	Reduction of pain in dysmenorrhea

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