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Research Article

The relationship between real GDP, CO₂ emissions, and energy use in the GCC countries: A time series approach

Cosimo MagazzinoDepartment of Political Sciences, Roma Tre University, via G. Chiabrera 199, Rome (RM)00145, Italy;Italian Economic Association (SIE); Royal Economic Society (RES)Correspondence[email protected]
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Caroline ElliottHuddersfield University, UKView further author information

(Reviewing Editor)

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of existing literature on energy use-emissions-GDP nexus for Middle-East countries

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Table 2. Variable definitions

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Figure 1. Real GDP, CO₂ emissions and energy use in the GCC (1960–2013, log-scale).

Sources: TED and WDI data.

Figure 1. Real GDP, CO2 emissions and energy use in the GCC (1960–2013, log-scale).

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The relationship between real GDP, CO₂ emissions, and energy use in the GCC countries: A time series approach

Table 1. Summary of existing literature on energy use-emissions-GDP nexus for Middle-East countries

Table 2. Variable definitions

Table 3. Exploratory data analysis

Table 4. Results for unit roots and stationarity tests

Table 5. Results for unit root with structural breaks tests

Table 6. Toda and Yamamoto causality results

Table 7. Summary of causality tests results

Table 8. Johansen’s multivariate cointegration tests

Table 9. Gregory and Hansen cointegration tests

Table 10. ARDL bounds test estimation results

Table 11. Variance decomposition

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The relationship between real GDP, CO2 emissions, and energy use in the GCC countries: A time series approach

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of existing literature on energy use-emissions-GDP nexus for Middle-East countries

Table 2. Variable definitions

Table 3. Exploratory data analysis

Table 4. Results for unit roots and stationarity tests

Table 5. Results for unit root with structural breaks tests

Table 6. Toda and Yamamoto causality results

Table 7. Summary of causality tests results

Table 8. Johansen’s multivariate cointegration tests

Table 9. Gregory and Hansen cointegration tests

Table 10. ARDL bounds test estimation results

Table 11. Variance decomposition

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The relationship between real GDP, CO₂ emissions, and energy use in the GCC countries: A time series approach