Commercialization of Moringa: Evidence from Southern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of the study areas.

Table 1. Variables and proposed hypotheses

Variables	Description	Expected effect, respectively
Dependent and outcome variables
Moringa market Participation	The household decision to market Moringa (1 = yes, 0 = no)
Level of commercialization	The ratio of the gross value of Moringa sold to the gross value of Moringa produced
Independent variables
Age	Age of household head (years)	+ and+
Age square	Age of household head squared (years)	+ and+
Gender	Sex of household head(1 = female, 0 = male)	- and+
Family size	Number of family members (in adult equivalent)	- and-
Education	The education level of household head (Years of formal education)	+ and+
Livestock (TLU)	Livestock holding (TLU)	+ and+
Per capita Income	Per capita income (annual farm and nonfarm income divided into family Size) (ETB)	+ and+
Land size	Total land size household-owned(ha)	+ and+
Cooperative membership	Household membership in cooperatives (1 = yes, 0 otherwise)	+
Farm experience	Number of years the household staid in the farming	+
Zone	Household location (Wolaita zone = 1, 0 = Gamo gofa zone)
Distance to the main road	The average distance of household to reach the nearest all-weather road (km)	- and-
Distance to market	The average distance of household to reach the nearest market (km)	-and-
Irrigation	Access of household to irrigation (1 = yes, 0 otherwise)	+ and+
Credit Access	Access of household to credit (1 = yes, 0 otherwise)	+ and+
Extension contact	Average Agricultural extension advice received (number of days)	+ and+

Table 2. Statistical summary of sampled Moringa market participants and non-participants

Variables		Obs	Mean			Std. Dev.				Min	Max
Dependent and outcome variables
Market participation		232	0.57			0.49				0	1
Commercialization		232	19.73			21.52				0	80
Subsistent		147	5.06			8.39				0	25
Transition		67	40.86			7.02				25.51	50
Commercialized		18	60.85			8.65				50.79	80
Value of Moringa		232	391.70			560.15				0	3600
		Market Participant (N = 131)					Non-market Participant (N = 101)				Mean differences
		Mean		Std. Dev.			Mean	Std. Dev.
Continuous independent variables
Age		49.02		13.67			48.44		13.37		0.57
Family size		4.07		1.52			3.78		3.73		0.28
Education		3.77		3.87			3.91		3.73		−0.13
Livestock (TLU)		2.50		2.03			2.59		1.70		0.08
Per capita Income		4076.81		3182.68			3888.32		3271.42		188.49
Land size		1.62		1.06			1.50		1.01		0.11
Farm experience		24.98		11.43			25.92		13.40		−0.93
Distance to the main road		0.05		0.05			0.08		0.04		−0.02***
Distance to market		0.48		0.50			0.79		0.74		−0.31***
Extension contact		20.45		12.97			18.26		12.96		2.19
Dichotomous independent variables
	Description			No.	%		No.		%		Χ^2 value
Gender	Male = 0			122	93.12		96		95.04		0.37
Zone	Wolaita = 1			71	54.19		45		44.55		2.12
Credit access	Yes			35	26.71		39		38.61		3.71*
Irrigation access	Yes			48	36.64		45		44.55		1.48
Cooperative membership	Yes			50	38.16		61		60.39		11.29***

Note: “*”, “**” and “***” represent statistical significance at 10, 5, and 1 % levels respectively

Source: Field Survey, 2018/19

Table 3. Heckman two-stage sample selection model estimates result of Moringa commercialization

Factors	Market Participation		Level of Participation
	Coefficients	Standard Error	Coefficients	Standard Error
Age	−0.0046	0.0059	−0.0532	0.0452
Age square	0.0001	0.0001	0.0003	0.0003
Gender	0.0118	0.0478	0.2064	0.3901
Family size	0.0004	0.0092	0.1397*	0.0723
Education	0.0005	0.0037	−0.0174	0.0298
Livestock (TLU)	−0.0015	0.0073	−0.0107	0.0633
Per capita Income	-	-	0.0001**	0.0001
Land size	0.0165	0.0166	0.1658	0.1123
Zone	−0.2145***	0.0672	−0.5466*	0.4116
Farm experience	0.0001	0.0013	-	-
Cooperative membership	0.0046	0.0222	-	-
Distance to the main road	-	-	−3.7010*	2.2136
Distance to market	−0.2192***	0.0618	−0.9844***	0.2403
Irrigation	−0.2774***	0.0747	−1.0046**	0.3928
Credit Access	−0.0346	0.0406	−0.6320***	0.2188
Extension contact	0.0009	0.0017	0.0333***	0.0098
Constant	1.2997***	0.1717	1.9490	1.2311
Mills| lambda			0.1461*	0.0857
Rho			1.00
Sigma			0.1461

“*”, “**” and “***” represent statistical significance at 10, 5 and 1% levels respectively; Wald χ2 (14) = 26.36; Censored observations = 103; Uncensored observations = 129; Probability > χ2 = 0.0233.

Field Survey, 2018/19